How does Steinbeck Present Slim from the Extract

Slim, on his first appearance, is described as moving with a â€Å"majesty only achieved by royalty or master craftsmen†. With this descriptive phrase, Steinbeck immediately establishes Slim as someone who is confident in himself that is admired by others. To move like majesty, it requires one to move with graceful fluency without seeming effort. This is a man who is comfortable in his own persona. Continuing with the comparison to royalty, Steinbeck describes Slim as â€Å"the prince of the ranch†. Slim has such an authority on the ranch that his word was golden.If Slim said that something was to be done, everyone on the ranch went along with it and no one rebelled against it. This is not because the other characters on the ranch are scared of him by rather the fact that he is portrayed to the Readers as the being very respected. Slim is the voice for justice within the novel. This shows that he is wise and all the other ranch workers looked up to him as a role model s ince he is like a father figure to all the ranch men with his words of wisdom being the words they live by.Steinbeck describes his manner as having â€Å"gravity† and â€Å"a quiet so profound that his word was taken on any subject. † Slim was not someone who had to raise his voice to be authoritative. His presence spoke for itself. Slim serves as an annoyance to the character of Curley, since he really should be the â€Å"prince of the ranch† as the boss’s son. The use of this metaphor implies that Slim has a higher social status than the other ranch workers. Additionally it is important to understand that he has t assigned himself with the label as curly no doubt wouldHe is described as having a â€Å"hatchet face† which goes along with the name of Slim. Together the name and the description of his face give the reader the sense of someone who is very lean. Along with this, he is described as being actually being between the ages of 35-50 but sug gested as an ageless character. Also when talking about his appearance he is described with â€Å"His hands, large and lean, were as delicate in their action as those of a temple dancer. † In this simile the word ‘large’ suggest that they are masculine and strong but the phrase ‘temple dancers’ implies they are skilful and tender.Similarly at the beginning of the extract his strength is mentioned – saying he is ‘capable of driving ten, sixteen and even twenty mules', which also expresses his strength and importance on the ranch as he is able to carry out jobs, which was of great value during the Great Depression. Another key descriptive phrase for Slim is that â€Å"His ear heard more than was said to him, and his slow speech had overtones not of thought, but of understanding beyond thought. †. With this descriptive phrase Steinbeck artfully portrays that Slim is able to read into people and what they say.He is not someone who tak es things people say at face value. He also understands that there is often more to the story. The word ‘beyond’ suggests that he is omniscient which again depicts the connotations of Slim being like God and king of the ranch. This also is what leads to Slim’s word being gospel on the ranch. Everyone knows that he gives everything a fair hearing. Slim renders a decision much like a judge would do. This links to Slim natures as Judges are well-respected ad distinguished as is he.Right away when Slim began to talk to George about working on the ranch, he used a tone which was friendly, encouraged confidence without demanding. It is this friendly tone that allows George to develop a similar friendship with Slim and allows him later to confide in Slim about Lennie. Steinbeck portrays that despite being thought higher by everyone he doesn’t let this get to his head since he has a lot of general decency. While Slim is certainly modelled as a friend and upstandin g character, as one can see from this extract he is one of the characters who plays a pivotal role in the plot in Of Mice and Men.

History of Alwar Essay

The state of Alwar is located in the northeast part of Rajasthan. It is considered the oldest kingdom in Rajasthan. The history of Alwar is steeped into mythology and folklore. In ancient India it was a part of the Matsya Kingdom, which the Kauravas embarked on the cattle-rustling mission, which resulted in the famous war of Kurukshetra with the Pandavas. The history of Alwar dates back to 1500 BC when it was formed a part of the Matsya territory of Viratnagar. The region of Viratnagar also included Karauli, Bharatpur and Dholpur. Hence the very foundations of the district are rooted in the Hindu epic, Mahabharata. With a history that is 3500 years old the district of Alwar still stands tall as a popular tourist destination in Rajasthan. The name Matsya Desh simply means the `land of the fish`. It is in this place that the Pandavas spent the 13th year of exile. The local people of this land helped the Pandavas in their battle against Kauravas. During the medieval era Alwar rose to prominence. Because of its strategic location the state was a source of interest to the Mughals, Marathas, the Jats of Bharatpur, Nikumbha and Kachhawaha Rajputs and the British. All of these groups have ruled Alwar. As a result the cultural influences of Alwar are quite varied. The first to occupy the throne of Alwar was the Nikumbhas. They had also built a fort. The ruins of this fort are still visible within the district. As far as the Mughals are concerned they made Alwar their base and from here they had fought many crucial battles against Ranthambore. After the Mughals it was the turn of the Jats to rule this district. Finally Alwar received political stability in the hands of Thakur Pratap Singh belonging to the Kachhawaha Rajputs from Jaipur. Even with an average economic condition this ruling class was able to gift the district with splendid palaces and led a life in utmost luxury. However, such squandering nature resulted in the downfall of the Kachhawaha Rajputs. This disgruntled the masses. However, it cannot be denied that it was Pratap Singh who rescued Alwar from a political instability. He became an ally of the British and he was awarded the title of Maharaja by the British. In the year 1771 Alwar became the youngest Rajput Kingdom. After Maharaja Pratap Singh Bakhtawar Singh succeeded to the throne of Alwar. As historical evidence his chhatri is to be found in the city of Alwar. Raja Banai Singh is another commendable name in the history of Rajasthan. He ruled Alwar from 1815 to 1857 AD. He was a great lover of art and contributed significantly in the beautification of Alwar. However the greatest name in its history has to be Maharaja Jai Singh. the succeeded to the throne in the year 1902 AD. He ruled for 30 years and is well known for his sophisticated lifestyle†¦.He was deposed by the British.

A Stim To Good Nutrition Essay Research

A Stim To Good Nutrition Essay, Research Paper Introduction Envision an aged adult female who is really weak, frail, and sickly looking. She can non take portion in normal day-to-day activities, due to her complaint. She has really thin hair, tegument, and nails. This adult female appears to hold aged physically beyond her old ages. She can non bask the avocations that she has in the yesteryear, because of the deficiency of musculus strength and bone denseness. The bulk of her twenty-four hours is spent lying in bed watching telecasting, merely acquiring up when wholly necessary to avoid hurting and agony. The cause of this adult female? s pathetic quandary is her dietetic wonts. She does non acquire the proper vitamins and minerals, nor does she pattern normal feeding forms ( skips repasts ) which can discourage the organic structure to transport out its normal day-to-day maps. An deficient sum of protein, saccharides, Calories, fat, and vitamins and minerals can do the organic structure to close down. Merely as a auto needs gasolene to run, the human organic structure needs proper foods to map. This state of affairs could hold been avoided if this adult female had been educated decently during her younger old ages. Nutritional Requirements Good nutrition is of import at any age, but particularly during adolescence. During this clip span from age ten to fifteen for misss and age 12 to nineteen for male childs, kids? s tallness additions, endocrines alteration, and activities addition ( Trends, web ) . Following the Food Guide Pyramid is the best manner to guarantee all needed foods are obtained. Peoples should eat 6 to 11 helpings from the staff of life, cereal, rice, and pasta group ; 2 to 4 helpings from the fruit group ; 3 to 5 helpings from the vegetable group ; 2 to 3 helpings from the milk, yoghurt, and cheese group ; 2 to 4 helpings from the meat, domestic fowl, fish, dry beans, eggs, and nuts group ; and utilize fats, oils, and Sweets meagerly ( Anspaugh, 34 ) . Along with following the Food Guide Pyramid ( see figure 1 ) , adolescents need a greater sum of Ca for bone growing, strengthening, and to forestall osteoporosis subsequently in life. All striplings need more Fe ; misss experience the oncoming of menses and male childs have an addition in thin mass ( Trends, web ) . Thermal demands vary for each kid depending on sum of growing, physical activities, and degree of ripening ( Backgrouder, web ) . Figure 1 Eating Forms The mean adolescent diet consists of big sums of fast nutrient, bites high in fat, few vegetable and fruits, and even jumping repasts ( Casey, 931 ) . A recent survey at Louisiana State University published in the News-Star stated, ? murphy french friess and Gallic french friess make up more than one-fourth of the vegetable helpings eaten by kids, and about tierce of the vegetables eaten by adolescents ( New Orleans, 5A ) . ? The US Department of Agriculture? s Healthy Eating Index shows that today? s stripling diet? needs betterment? and that the overall HEI mark diminutions as a kid matures to an grownup. The US Department of Agriculture besides reports the addition in liquid Calories consumed because soft drinks are replacing milk in many diets ( Evers, 20 ) . Another of import factor is the lifting figure of adolescent vegetarians who may non acquire plenty of the of import vitamins and minerals needed during this growing stage. Calcium, protein, and Fe are frequently missing fro m a vegetarian diet and may non be added through consumption of dietetic addendums ( Trends, web ) . Fast nutrient and eating out contributes greatly to the diminution in alimentary content of the mean adolescent diet. Besides, the proper figure of repasts a twenty-four hours should be maintained by all ages to stay healthy ( see figure 2 ) . This tabular array shows about how many helpings of nonfat, thin nutrients are needed for three different Calorie degrees ( 1,600, 2,200, and 2,800 Calories ) . HOW MANY SERVINGS DO YOU NEED EACH DAY? CHILDREN, WOMEN, OLDER ADULTS TEEN GIRLS, ACTIVE WOMEN, MOST MEN TEEN BOYS, ACTIVE MEN CALORIE LEVEL? Approximately 1,600 ABOUT 2,200 ABOUT 2,800 Milk A ; Milk Products Group? 2 to 4 2 to 4 2 to 4 Meat A ; Meat Alternatives Group 2 2 3 Vegetable Group 3 4 5 Fruit Group 2 3 4 Bread A ; Cereal Group 6 9 11 Entire Fat ( gms ) ? 36 to 53 49 to 73 62 to 93 Table 1 Over the past 40 old ages, fast nutrient has appeared everyplace, from shops and airdromes to athletic events and schools. In 1997, the United States spent $ 100 billion devouring fast nutrient ( Schlosser, web ) . Harmonizing to an article in Rolling Stone Magazine, ? Americans now spend more money on fast nutrient than they do on higher instruction, personal computing machines, package, or new autos. They spend more on fast nutrient than films, books, magazines, newspapers, pictures, and recorded music combined ( Schlosser, web ) . ? In fact, 96 % of American kids most easy identified Santa Claus foremost and Ronald McDonald 2nd. In this fast-paced universe, non merely does fast nutrient take the topographic point of healthy repasts, but sometimes repasts like breakfast are non eaten at all ( Schlosser, web ) . For whatever ground people skip breakfast, we should see why breakfast is considered the most of import repast of the twenty-four hours. A survey of 504 immature grownups in Bogalusa, LA yielded consequences of the prevalence of jumping breakfast and the effects. Thirty-seven per centum of the topics did non eat breakfast, doing them two to five times more likely to hold a alimentary deficient diet. The striplings who skipped breakfast had less energy, protein, fat, vitamin, and mineral consumptions compared to those who ate in the forenoon. Besides, of those who did non eat breakfast, 66 % Ate a bite before tiffin, compared to 49 % of breakfast feeders who snacked before tiffin ( New Orleans, 5A ) . Influences on Eating Habits Research from 141 pupils in the 7th and 10th classs in St. Paul, Minnesota, showed interesting consequences when teens were asked to explicate their eating wonts. The most often discussed factors act uponing what the topics ate included: hungriness, gustatory sensation and visual aspect of nutrient picks, and picking nutrients by their readying clip. When asked why they were non eating a balanced diet, some pupils expressed their deficiency of concern for future wellness jobs. Another common account was that debris nutrients gustatory sensation better than healthy nutrients. Still others said that fruits and veggies are non convenient because many have to be peeled or cooked and were non available in topographic points like fast nutrient eating houses, school peddling machines, and at place. The pupils besides added that fast nutrient is a inexpensive and easy manner to eat ( Casey, 931 ) . Another major factor act uponing the eating wonts of striplings is publicizing. Each twenty-four hours the mean kid sees more than 82 telecasting commercials, many advertisement trendy or quick but non alimentary nutrients and drinks. The eating wonts of today? s teens are brooding of the messages they receive through advertisement. Even the advertisement in some schools does non dwell of healthy bites and repasts. Schools are besides a great topographic point to learn kids of all ages to understand advertisement schemes so they will cognize why these companies want to do their merchandise expression so appealing ( Evers, 22 ) . Marion Nestle, president for the Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences at New York State University stated, ? makers are paying big amounts of money and acquiring tonss of advertisement inside schools. They are forcing aside better nutritionary picks such as milk or fruit juice ( Condor, 1B ) . ? Consequences of Unhealthy Eating Today? s teens face many equal force per unit areas and strive to look like the stars and theoretical accounts in magazines and on telecasting and films. Because of society? s stereotype that everyone should be thin, there is an addition in the prevalence of eating upsets among striplings. The National Center for Health Statistics states that 100 females between the ages of 12 and 18 has anorexia nervosa. This is a disease caused by dramatically restricting nutrient consumption. Aside from anorexia, another common feeding upset is bulimia. Features of this eating upset include episodes of gorging normally followed by periods of guilt and depression frequently relieved by purging. Contrary to popular belief, anorexia, binge-eating syndrome, and other feeding upsets are non limited to females, five to ten per centum of all eating upsets occur males ( Beason, 2B ) . Many striplings with eating upsets may claim they are merely dieting or seeking to command their weight ( Trends, web ) . Figure 3 shows a chart of weight guidelines. Height/Weight Guidelines WOMEN MEN low center high low center high 4 # 8242 ; 10 # 8243 ; 100 115 131 5 # 8242 ; 1 # 8243 ; 123 134 145 4 # 8242 ; 11 # 8243 ; 101 117 134 5 # 8242 ; 2 # 8243 ; 125 137 148 5 # 8242 ; 0 # 8243 ; 103 120 137 5 # 8242 ; 3 # 8243 ; 127 139 151 5 # 8242 ; 1 # 8243 ; 105 122 140 5 # 8242 ; 4 # 8243 ; 129 142 155 5 # 8242 ; 2 # 8243 ; 108 125 144 5 # 8242 ; 5 # 8243 ; 131 145 159 5 # 8242 ; 3 # 8243 ; 111 128 148 5 # 8242 ; 6 # 8243 ; 133 148 163 5 # 8242 ; 4 # 8243 ; 114 133 152 5 # 8243 ; 7 # 8243 ; 135 151 167 5 # 8242 ; 5 # 8243 ; 117 136 156 5 # 8242 ; 8 # 8243 ; 137 154 171 5 # 8242 ; 6 # 8243 ; 120 140 160 5 # 8242 ; 9 # 8243 ; 139 157 175 5 # 8242 ; 7 # 8243 ; 123 143 164 5 # 8242 ; 10 # 8243 ; 141 160 179 5 # 8242 ; 8 # 8243 ; 126 146 167 5 # 8242 ; 11 # 8243 ; 144 164 183 5 # 8242 ; 9 # 8243 ; 129 150 170 6 # 8242 ; 0 # 8243 ; 147 167 187 5 # 8242 ; 10 # 8243 ; 132 153 173 6 # 8242 ; 1 # 8243 ; 150 171 192 5 # 8242 ; 11 # 8243 ; 135 156 176 6 # 8242 ; 2 # 8243 ; 153 175 197 6 # 8242 ; 0 # 8243 ; 138 159 179 6 # 8242 ; 3 # 8243 ; 157 179 202 Table 2 The Youth Risk Behavior Survey questioned striplings in classs nine through 12s across the state and found that 59 % of females and 23 % of males use dieting or other methods to lose weight. Other research from the Minnesota Adolescent Survey questioned 34,000 pupils in classs seven through 12s about their dieting wonts. Twelve per centum of the females and two per centum of the males admitted to dieting at least 10 times per twelvemonth. Thirty per centum of females and 13 per centum of males claimed they participated in orgy feeding. Consequences from these studies and many others demonstrate the high per centums of striplings with unhealthy eating wonts ( Neumark, 447 ) . Other researc hers questioned if striplings understood certain words associating to feeding, and decided to research teens? readings of the footings? dieting? and? orgy eating. ? They surveyed 203 striplings in 25 focal point groups and asked them to specify these footings and explain how they related to their lives. The consequences showed the bulk of groups explained dieting as a term used for healthy eating wonts. One-half of the groups described dieting as unhealthy feeding behaviours such as jumping repasts and famishment. One-half of the groups besides said dieting was used as a method of weight loss. When the groups were asked to specify orgy feeding, most of them related this term to gorging. Some of the groups differentiated orgy eating from general gorging by type of nutrient consumed. To these pupils, orgy eating meant taking in debris nutrient while gorging was considered eating excessively many healthy nutrients. One-fifth of the groups defined orgy eating as gorging when non hungry or eating because of ennui. About half of the groups related orgy eating to excessive eating followed by purging. Overall, the consequences showed the uncertainness of whether dieting is positive or negative and precisely what orgy eating agencies among today? s striplings ( Neumark, 448 ) . Improvements in Adolescent Nutrition Harmonizing to the American Dietetic Association, during the last 25 old ages, the United States passed Torahs to? supply equal nutrient and nutrition for the state? s kids and striplings ( Caton, web ) . ? While great paces have been made, more betterments must be added to increase healthy eating among this age group. In 1946, the National School Lunch Program stated that a healthy tiffin must include two ounces of protein, six ounces of veggies and or fruits, staff of life and butter, and one-half pint of whole milk. The School Breakfast Program started by the Child Nutrition Act in 1966 helps more kids receive a alimentary breakfast ( Beech, 1433 ) . By 1977, legislators acknowledged the demand for more advanced plans like the Nutrition and Education Training Programs ( Casey, 933 ) . In 1990, the National Food Service Management Institute began supplying information on nutrition and preparation to farther educate people about healthy feeding ( National, web ) . Revisions by the Healthy Meals for Healthy Americans Act in 1994 stated that the National School Lunch Program and the School Breakfast Programs must run into the American Dietary Guidelines to g uarantee a balanced diet. Recently in 1995, School Meals Initiative for Healthy Children updated nutritionary criterions to supply a assortment of bill of fare for schools ( US, web ) . Aside from statute law to better kids? s nutrition, schools are the best topographic point to develop a good foundation for healthy eating wonts. Americans send their kids to school to be educated non merely in reading, composing, and arithmetic, but in all countries. Since schools are the primary topographic point of instruction, kids should larn about nutrition associated with day-to-day eating, advancing wellness, and forestalling diseases. Dietary professionals at schools can besides measure pupils? eating wonts every bit good as their hazards for certain diseases ( Identifying, web ) . Schools need qualified professionals to educate decision makers, instructors, managers, staff, kids, and parents about the importance of good nutrition. Team Nutrition, a USDA plan, can be implemented in schools to educate both kids and parents. As portion of this plan, professionals trained in nutrition aid participants learn healthy feeding wonts through synergistic games ( Position, web ) . Dieticians can besides learn teens the facts and myths associated with a healthy diet every bit good as how to read nutrient labels and construe thei r significance ( Borra, 817 ) . This type of instruction should get down in simple school so kids can develop good wonts early in life ( Student, 9 ) . Children can be taught early to understand nutrition and exercising to guarantee future wellness ( Student, 9 ) . Because the per centum of fleshy American teens continues to lift from 21 % in 1994, nutritionary instruction should besides include safe and healthy ways to lose excess weight ( Backgrounder, web ) . An easy manner to learn adolescents about nutrition and healthy feeding is to larn the American Dietetic Association? s healthy weight direction acronym # 8211 ; CHANGE:# 61656 ; Count out crash diets or speedy weight-loss strategies.# 61656 ; Have forbearance in losing a half lb to one lb per hebdomad.# 61656 ; Always drink plentifulness of H2O or other fluids.# 61656 ; Never skip repasts in attempts to lose weight.# 61656 ; Get up and travel, increase your physical activity.# 61656 ; Eat a assortment of nutrients ( 18 ) . Along with day-to-day healthy feeding wonts and weight control, nutritionary instruction should include healthy noshing as a major focal point. Noshing can be a healthy and of import portion of a immature individual? s life. One of import factor to retrieve is that noshing should non be used as a replacement for eating healthy repasts, but for an excess sum of energy and nutrition ( Trends, web ) . Children can non devour big sums of nutrient at one clip, so they get hungry between repasts. If striplings are highly active they may necessitate excess energy for good public presentation during activities ( Backgrounder, web ) . Wellness Director at the University of Louisiana at Monroe, Treina Landrum, told the News-Star that? teens need to see their entire day-to-day nutrient consumption. Teens with early tiffin interruptions or after school activities may hold a long delay between tiffin and supper. They? ll need fuel to maintain their energy up? ( Tucker, 1B ) . The News-Star published a different article with thoughts for healthy bites. With a small creativeness, childs can hold fun eating healthy options to debris nutrien t. It besides stated that parents should purchase the types of nutrient they want their childs to eat # 8211 ; if debris nutrient is non available, the childs can non eat it ( Martinez, 3B ) . Another article published in the News-Star titled, ? Noshing Doesn? t Mean Unhealthy Eating? offered some tips to parents with kids who snack between repasts:# 61623 ; Give bites in little helpings, non an full box.# 61623 ; Save uneaten nutrient from a repast for a bite subsequently.# 61623 ; Make home-made bites with less fat by replacing fatty ingredients with more healthy 1s.# 61623 ; Offer fruits and veggies as bites alternatively of cookies and confect ( Beason, 2B ) . Decision Nutrition relates to all facets of life and should be integrated into everyone? s day-to-day docket. Although nutrition may non be a focal point for today? s adolescents, it should be. Children and striplings with hapless eating behaviours grow to be grownups with the same feeding jobs. These unhealthy feeding wonts can turn lifelessly if they progress to an eating upset and are untreated. If taught at an early age, kids can develop healthy wonts and do wise determinations for themselves. Ignorance is one of the grounds many people, even in today? s modern society, have unhealthy behaviours. Education is the reply to raising a smart and healthy hereafter for our state. 1. Anspaugh, D. , et Al. ( 1997 ) . Health: constructs and applications. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2. Backgrounder # 8211 ; child/adolescent nutrition A ; wellness. ( 1998, August ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ificinfo.health.org/index3.htm. 3. Beason, H. ( 1999, September 1 ) . Noshing doesn? t mean unhealthy feeding. News- Star, p. 2B. 4. Beech, B. , et Al. ( 1998, December ) . Impact of breakfast ingestion on nutritionary adequateness of the diets of immature grownups in Bogalusa, Louisiana: cultural and gender constrasts. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 98, 1432-1437. 5. Borra, S. , et Al. ( 1995 ) . Food, physical activity, and merriment: inspiring America? s childs to more healthy life styles. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 95, 816- 818, hypertext transfer protocol: //parentingteens.miningco.com/index.htm. 6. Casey, M. , et Al. ( 1999, August ) . Factors act uponing nutrient picks of striplings: findings from focal point groups treatments with striplings. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 99 ( 8 ) , 929-934. 7. Caton, J. ( 1990 ) . The history of the American school nutrient service association: a pinch of love. The American Food Service Association, hypertext transfer protocol: //parentingteens.miningco.com/index.htm. 8. Condor, B. ( 1999, August 24 ) . When it comes to saccharify, intelligence is difficult to get down. News-Star, p. 1B. 9. Evers, C. ( 1999, August ) . Turning smart consumers. School Food Service A ; Nutrition, 19-20, 22. 10. Identifying patients at hazard: ADA? s definitions for nutrition showing and nutrition appraisal. ( 1994 ) . Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 94, 838-839, hypertext transfer protocol: //parentingteens.miningco.com/index.htm. 11. Martinez, M. ( 1999, August 25 ) . After-school bites can be healthy and appealing to childs. News-Star, p. 3B. 12. National Health/Education Consortium. ( 1993 ) . Eat to larn, larn to eat: the nexus between nutrition and acquisition in kids, hypertext transfer protocol: //parentingteens.miningco.com/index.htm. 13. Neumark-Sztainer, D. A ; Story, M. ( 1998, April ) . Dieting and binge feeding among striplings: what do they truly intend? Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 98 ( 4 ) , 446-449. 14. New Orleans Associated Press. ( 1999, September 6 ) . LSU survey: Gallic french friess, french friess are one-third of adolescent? s vegetables. News-Star, p. 5A. 15. Position of ADA, SNE, and ASFSA. ( 1995 ) . School-based nutrition plans and services. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 95, 367-369, hypertext transfer protocol: //parentingteens.miningco.com/index.htm. 16. Schlosser, E. ( 1998, September 3 ) . Fast nutrient state: the true cost of America? s diet. Rolling Stone, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mcspotlight.org/media/press/rollingstone1.html. 17. Student nutrition study. ( 1999, September ) . School Food Service A ; Nutrition, 53, ( 8 ) , 9. 18. Tendencies in adolescent nutrition. hypertext transfer protocol: //ificinfo.health.org. 19. Tucker, L. ( 1999, September 15 ) . Snack onslaught: give teens healthy options for cravings between repasts. News-Star, p. 1B. 20. US Department of Agriculture. ( 1995 ) . Concluding ordinance: school repasts initiative for healthy kids, hypertext transfer protocol: //parentingteen.miningco.com/index.htm.

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EQUAL PAY ACT OF 1963 - Thesis Example The Equal Pay Act was signed into law by President John Kennedy on 1963 and it sought to bring about an end to the pay disparities based on sex that were prevalent in the United States at the time. The passing of this law was done because of the belief that sex discrimination went against the constitution of the United States because it depressed the living standards of employees because equal pay was needed to ensure that they were capable of not only increasing the efficiency of these individuals but also their health. Furthermore, it was believed that wage disparities brought about a situation where there was no maximal use of available labor. In addition, it was found that pay disparities based on sex often led to considerable labor disputes which were detrimental to commerce because they interfered with commercial activities (Bhasker and Kleiner, 1998). There was concern that as a result of women getting paid less than their male counterparts, there would develop a situation whe re commercial activities, mainly the free flow of goods and services, would end up being disrupted. Finally, it was believed that the lack of equality in pay constituted the development of unfair competition and this situation had to be corrected to ensure that all individuals in American society had equal opportunities when employed. The signing into law of the Equal Pay Act was one of the numerous steps which have been taken over several decades to ensure that there is gender equality in the workplace. In order to eliminate the pay gap, new legislation must be created and passed, specifying equal pay requirements and employers need to implement this legislation in order to correct their pay practices. . Before the passage of the Equal Pay Act, women had faced pay discrimination for many years and this was despite women forming a significant part of the American

Analytical Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Analytical Report - Essay Example The report analyses financial statements of the two firms in order to understand whether they have been successful in their operations. The client list is also analyzed to get a clear picture of the type of customers the firm deals with. The report has also made an observation on global presence of the two firms. By understanding the global presence, the report is able to review the benefits that come with that. In conclusion, the best alternative would be PwC. The firm has established itself globally and evenly in the regions of interest. The firm has also been aggressive in expanding its market share and customer operations by taking new member firms every year. With acquisition of new firms and mergers, the firm has ensured improved service delivery in a more efficient manner. The client list also has so much impact on the decision. Major global corporations that are world leaders in their industry are working together with the firm and this shows customer loyalty and confidence. Apple Inc. is a global technology company based in California USA. The company focuses on designing, developing and selling of mobile phones, computer gadgets, online services, consumer electronics among other products and services. Founded in 1976, Apple is currently the worlds second largest technological company by revenue. The company is listed in NASDAQ and on 19th March 2015, it joined the Dow Jones Industrial average. With over 98,000 employees, the company has 437 retail stores globally. In the financial year 2014, the company accumulated a total US DDDD 182 billion in revenue. Apple is the largest company that is traded publicly with operating segments in America, Europe, Asia Pacific and Africa. With such a significant financial operation, there is need to have a proper financial management, audit, analysis and monitoring. The sole purpose of this report is primarily to facilitate the

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF AGRO-INDUSTRIES IN SSA (CASE STUDY THE Thesis Proposal

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Study guide Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Study guide - Assignment Example 2. Both Christians and Jewish had their own deities and worshipping method and Romans had many gods like Neptune, Venus and other Isis. Which were of Greek and Egyptian origin. Christian community homes serve elderly people and Jewish community home give affordable shelter to old people and catacombs are places of worship and these places are called â€Å"Home care centre† and church for worship in modern times. 15. Lux Nova depics Gothic architecture in its art form where stained glass on windows are given artistic expressions. In this architecture the window glasses of a building had stains in different colours. 1.Byzantine Church in San Vitale was consecrated in 547 and is situated in Italy and has exclusive mosaic work especially the space around the altar. This church has great religious significance has its has connection with Jesus Christ and his apostles .It is a surviving example of Byzantine architecture and Justinian i posted in the central of the mosaic chanel . It has a rectangular choir and apse which project from the eastern side. It was the sole major church built during the Emperor Justinian. The interior of the church had a theology of color. 2. The church was destroyed in fire and was changed in exterior and interior. The cathedral’s West Front, North Porch, and South Porch all have 3 huge doors. The stained glass of the church remained after fire but the type of window of 12th century disappeared when renovated .The interior lighting was same and the stained glass was unique to the Gothic architecture. The royal were integrated into new cathedral and was reinventing gothic style which attracted visitors. And the jamb statues were the figures of kings and queens. 3. Giotti was a completely innovative painter of Italy and has been an evolution maker in Roman art history. He was born near Florence in 13th century and was a painter and architect. He has contributed much to the Italian artistic world and is considered

Bad for Teenagers Worldwide Essay Example for Free

Bad for Teenagers Worldwide Essay This research paper mainly deals with how hip-hop music and things that are related to hip-hop are bad for teenagers. Some factors to be found that affect the teenagers are their lyrics or language used, media, clothes integrated, cross-over appeal, gender bias and racism, and the potential of this culture to break ethnic groups in our society. This also tackles some punishments that might be incurred by the youth from the bad effects of hip-hop. The hip hop traditions have pervaded all the rage way of life in an extraordinary manner. While shaped by â€Å"black youth† on the road, the impact of hip hop has turned out to be global. It has undertaken the outer reaches, to the peripheries, and into the communal panel quarters. Even though that the hip hop customs is a probable intense merger of varied populace for the reason that it has its massive traverse attractiveness, it still has its drawback effects. Having its collective influence on teenagers, the concept of hip hop has the aptitude to carry political, societal and trade and industry concerns in the way of life by exposing the public perceptiveness on what is in actuality occurring worldwide and negative aspects on the society and teenagers in particular (Africa Resource Center, Inc., 2007). Language Hip hop in the contemporary time is not similar as it appeared when it started. The precedent hip hop did have a discussion with reference to troubles of existence and music was merely for enjoyment. Different from the earlier period, the present day hip hop confers about subordinates and diversion. Each and every recent hip-hop composition are about the flight of the imagination vivacity as being prosperous, having grandeur, and catching every gorgeous lass, thus altering the standards of living of youngsters. They also influence the teenagers psyche on how to get all these assets aside from rigorously exerting one’s effort in a genuine job. The hip hop lyrics sway them to just vend illegal drugs, filch, and do not be concerned regarding other people. Street verbal communication is broadcasted to the hip hop ethos in the course of rap melody (Williams, 2003). One can perceive the sound of a hip hopper by means of the similar colloquial speech as the African American performers. Irrespective of their civilization, they use words like the word â€Å"nigger† which is one of their most common terms, with some customary belittling connotation of the remark. The rap performers may be revealing narratives of their jagged existence all the way through compositions, however the language used is wreaking the mentality of the listeners, does somehow indoctrinating them, as they tend to take note of the libretto over and over again. The majority of hip-hop music has exaggerated lines to gain lure more interest and sales. Hooligan hit, which shamelessly portrayed fugitive demeanor in the metropolitan, became prevalent. Media The channel of hip hop give the impression of being awfully accommodating of this kind of song and facilitates performers a great deal for their endorsements. Countless television programs have been allotted to hip hop. New-fangled records are constantly publicized on small screen. In point of fact, radios are also enormously especially significant for the progress of hip hop melodies since the youth can have the opportunity to eavesdrop various sorts of the hip hop songs everywhere. Even subversive kinds of music are aired here. These media are the factors that thrust them in the hip hop realm. Ahead of backing hip hop additionally, all hit music videos on music television or MTV must be evaluated well at the same time the youth cohorts of hip-hop must be monitored. If a small screen program can detonate a person from expressing his outlook on certain matters, then recording corporations should also be able to lay off artists for affronting people. Hip hop songs expose this class of aggression and compulsion around sexual pursuits as ordinary affairs. There is an existing reception among adolescents of the type of â€Å"sexual objectification† eminent in this manner of composition, and its displayed videos (Dickinson, 1998). Clothing As indicated by Kakutani, city juvenile African-Americans have drafted in the clothing of higher class whites as a sign of being short of authority in American civilization. Despite the fact that definite stuff achievement maybe unfeasible, the justification for embellishing luxurious branded get-up items is to put forward a picture of victory (1997). A means to utter contempt is by making out with the rebel figure of the street. A lot of fair children are civilizing sightseers who put on a pedestal the extremely ghetto living that numerous black youth desire to getaway. As an alternative of the dreadful transience degree for black adolescents, they perceive the thrill of hostility and as a substitute of aggravation, they set eyes on the vocal disobedience of that annoyance. She also proposed that this explicit channel of emblematic manifestation of teenagers have been converted into the biggest addressees of gangster music. Dark pelt and smeared tresses corresponded to the zeitgeist. The period of 1990 has become subjugated by hip hop style. This is made up of saggy denims showed very slackly, caps displayed rearwards, extra-large tops, and costly sporty footwear. This trend, distinctive from that of the other age groups, has inimitably crossed nearly every cultural frontier. A noteworthy quantity of African American, Whites, and Asian teenagers, without a doubt, get dressed the correspondingly despite of their background (Kakutani, 1997). Cross-over appeal For the reason that hip hop becomes an growing craze, colossal business corporations such as branded shops, industrial stores, and food chains in fact have profited from this occurrence (Salzman, Smith, and West, 1996). While detractors of the hip hop traditions appeared to be paranoid on the implication of sexual characteristics, brutality, and ruthless lingo, this field provides the youth of an archetype of what could be. In the equivalent stratum, the hip hop culture has defied the scheme in conduct that have amalgamated persons, predominantly the youth, crossways an abounding cultural variety. Notwithstanding this maturity of teenagers toward the sense of right and wrong of a nation for advancement, they all the same accepted a facade of American hip hop celebrity verves. Youngsters, alcohol, merrymakings, automobiles, posh garments make up their milieu. They typically do this to demonstrate their control although as a substitute of that, they are debasing their representation and showing a ghastly paradigm to the young people. Hip hop genre which give the impression to be acting the equal part which is to congregate the adolescents as one for an enhance awareness of societal matters and as a result, youngsters are urged to move violently for countrywide settlements. That is why events and performance are continuously prepared to allow the adolescents to put across their way of thinking and behaving through these avenues (Reese, 1998). Gender bias and racism Loads of individuals believe that Hip hop songs and traditions have an immoral power on the youth and that these have an unscrupulous standing of demeaning females through compositions that employ nasty colloquial speech and label females as â€Å"hoes†. What is sardonic is that the performers bring into play renowned terms, nevertheless if was to be told, it would sound as a racist. The artists do not become conscious that the youth is more affected by their kind of songs than any other. They ponder that coarse-hood living is breezy, amusing, and ferocity on the roads is hip, too. Moreover, if the commerce indicates agreement of librettos upholding abhorrence and taking advantage of the females are more and more acknowledged as valid types of inventive demonstration, hip hop music will certainly continue. Such well-known artists like Eminem has obtained a large amount of appreciation and awards delinquent hip hop music which is idolized by many. According to an interview with Dr. Gwendolyn Pough, â€Å"It definitely has an impact on young women, especially young black women† and there exists a few correlations to the themes of hip hop music and how a quantity of juvenile females picture themselves or perform (Alexander, 1998). That melody can generate a frame of mind for the youth and currently, there is a mounting penitentiary female inhabitant for their dealings, for vending illegal items and executing offenses for their boyfriends. A commended multimedia display intended to replicate female encounters with pestering, declares that hip hop melody has at all times been manipulative since it is so undemanding to absorb. It is an idea that females are perceived as things that is acceptable to be merely handed over along the guys. Punishments As stated by Rose in 1991, the associations between trendy society and lawbreaker regulations make available a brief account of hip hop customs, with particular consideration to the violation of directives that is present at the hip hop customs origin. This describes the bearing of hip-hop to the modern discussion in criminal decree erudition about public conventions. The point expressed is that â€Å"street† felony is a chief peril to the youth’s welfare and interests. Each of the notions of penalties such as vengeance, preclusion, incapacitation, and treatment, has come to more projection because of the inventive propositions of hip hop line of attack (Butler, 2004). It initially presents the inkling to engage retaliation as for the belief that for each deed there is an equal rejoinder. Hip hop culture grasps chastisement in person. Several youth in the hip hop realm have been imprisoned or have relatives who have been detained. Reprimand is an implementation of the society’s law enforcement control, as well as a repercussion of personal associations. The hip hop principle of retribution for the youth recognizes that once numerous youngsters are gone from their areas for the reason that they are being damned by the authority, penal complex may have inadvertent costs. Reprisal must be the entity of castigation; nevertheless it should be restricted by critical public good. In a noteworthy period in American record, hip hop sounds are mulling over the outlays of chastisement. Daring, defiant, time and again blasphemous, its melody has multicultural critic since for an instance, the concepts of hip hop aired in different media without fail disapprove of the authority’s courses of action (Lewis, 1998). The most normally alluded to current case in point is harsher central consequences for the use of prohibited drugs such as â€Å"crack cocaine† by the youth. These states of affairs are difficult to envisage for the reason that most of American hip hop customs are not directly articulated politically. Moreover, there almost certainly would be extensive divergence among the creators and regulars of the hip hop scheme about what political views to promote. The chastisement for producers was in particular severe. This topic is not fresh or remarkably astounding within a democratic system wherein anyone would anticipate hip hop society to report to bylaw. The latent of hip hop customs, nonetheless, to manipulate regulations appears less palpable, perchance as hip hop is a merchandise of youngster way of life and conceivably as it give the impression to rejoice insolent and even fugitive demeanor (Africa Resource Center, Inc., 2006). There are a number of stuffs about the formation of hip hop under this category. Initially, numerous performers acquired an active vision of the regulations. The infringe edict did not discourage the graffiti performer, the patent ruling did not hinder the disc jockeys from checking out any hip hop songs that they sought after, and the assets rule did not put off the jockeys from taking advantage of electrical energy from road posts at community recreational areas. Additionally, the hip hop way of life was more about reprocessing or remixing rather than generating out something new. Practically countless hip hop performers labeled themselves reflecting of the criminal directive. As a conclusion, hip hop traditions are atypical, habitually plainly opinionated. Its affairs of state are not all the time straightforward to uncover, and on a few matters, there is an immense multiplicity of viewpoints. Hip hop characteristics indeed presents a lot of disadvantages for the youth as these not only harm them physically, but also mentally. On the evenhandedness and efficacy of American iniquitous impartiality, the hip hop population seems to be dangerously addresses as solitary and the acts of certain groups of youngsters may be hazardously carried out in the society. In the modern account of the world, it is challenging to believe that another leading style of well-liked tradition is growing at a larger scale since several teenagers seem to be listening and adapting the fashion. Hip-hop customs also creates physically powerful set of circumstances for a revolution of criminal impartialities worldwide in the future.Bearing in mind the aforementioned negative factors, this prospect ought to have further inspections and assessments. References: Africa Resource Center, Inc. (2006). Black Life, its Culture, Politics and Consciousness, for â€Å"All Over the World†. ProudFlesh Journal. Africa Resource Center, Inc. (2007). Hip-Hop Culture. Academic Peer-Reviewed Journals. Alexander, Keith L (1998, December). Hip-Hop Magazine Gets Fiery Start, Good and Bad, USA Today interview, 30. Butler, Paul (2004, April 1). Much respect: toward a hip-hop theory of punishment. Introduction: The Hip-Hop Nation. Dickinson, Chris (1998, January 4). 3-CD Set Chronicles History of Rap,† Everday Magazine, 3. Kakutani, Michiko (1997, February 16). Common Threads: Why Are Homeboys and Surbanites Wearing Each Others Clothes?. The New York Times Magazine, 18. Lewis, Gregory (1998). Hip Hop Gives Birth to Its Own Black Economy, The San Francisco Examiner. Reese, R. (1998). The Hip Hop Culture and Ethnic Relations. Far West and Popular Culture Conference From the Fringe. Retrieved June 12, 2007, from http://www.tolerance.org/

Odysseus Characterization Paper Essay Example for Free

Odysseus Characterization Paper Essay In The Odyssey, the protagonist is a leader named Odysseus who goes on a journey with his crew to get back home to Ithaka from Troy, after the trojan war. In the epic poem, The Odyssey, the poet Homer, suggests that Odysseus is a superior leader which is revealed by Odysseuss, bravery, intelligence, and perseverance. Odysseuss bravery sets himself apart from other leaders. Odysseus has to display an example to his crew by inspiring them with his fearlessness. Odysseus illustrates his grit when he forces his crew to carry on with going to the underworld: â€Å"We must go/ to the cold homes of death and pale Persephone/ to hear Teiresias tell of time to come/ They felt so stricken, upon hearing this, / they sat down wailing loud, and tore their hair/But nothing came of giving way to grief/ Down to the shore the ship at last we went. † Homer 10. 623-625 . Odysseus showcases his hardiness when his crew does not want to go to the Underworld, but Odysseus presses on, while knowing that lost and terrifying souls await him. Odysseus’s fortitude spreads throughout his crew, if he is scared, his followers also feel fear. Without courage the team can not get home to Ithaka. In order to achieve his goal, the Odysseus needs to speak with Teiresias. Also Odysseus displays his fearlessness when he is trapped in the Kyklopss cave: â€Å"’Now, by the gods, I drove my big hand spike/ deep in the embers, charring it again,/ and cheered my men along with battle talk/ to keep their courage up: no quitting now/†(Homer 9. 06-409) . Odysseus exhibited superb pluck when executing his plan of blinding the Kyklops Had Odysseus not led his people by bravely heading the attack, his words would have meant nothing to the crew. For a leader to be â€Å"brave† he does not only have to be able do the impossible by himself, but he must also influence the people around him to continue on by his side. To be an epic leader intelligence is necessary. One can be brave, but without wit his courage may result in a poor decision. Odysseus uses his intellect to strategically send only three members of his crew to explore the land of the lotuss: â€Å"then I sent two picked men and a runner to learn what race of men that land sustained† (Homer 9. 96-97). Odysseus knows that is the inhabitants are hostile he can lose his entire team, but this way he potentially risks only a fraction of his men. Decisions made by a leader without acuity are futile and may prove harmful to his constituents. Furthermore, Odysseus exemplifies his intelligence when instead of mindlessly slaughtering the suitors, he creates a plan to overcome the fact that he is outnumbered: â€Å"’Put aside two broadswords and two spears/ for our own to use, two oxhide shields nearby/ when we go into action. Pallas Athena, and Zeus All Provident will see you through, bemusing our young friends† (Homer 16. 352-358). Odysseus comes up with the plan to prepare weaponry for himself to ensure he had enough to destroy the suitors, while at the same time making sure the suitors do not acquire arms themselves. Although Odysseus wants to annihilate the suitors he keeps his motives in sight and manages to formulate the plan. The analytical ability to act in a difficult situation is essential for a good leader because the environment is ever changing and sometimes rapid decisions must be made. In the end Odysseuss scheme succeeds to provide arms for him and his accomplices, but the suitors are still able to gain weapons. Without perspicacity strength and bravery are nothing. What sets Odysseus apart from other Greek heroes is that he prefers to fight with his brain rather than with his brawn. Odysseuss reason also helps him make up for the fact that unlike the other Greek heroes, he does not have immortality. Lastly, Odysseuss perseverance made it possible for him to finally make it home to Ithaka, his persistence effects his crew which looks up to him for guidance. When Odysseus arrives home he describes what he had to endure to his wife Penelope: â€Å"’My lady, / what ordeals have we not endured! Here, waiting/ you had your grief, while my return dragged out-/ my hard adventures, pitting myself against/ the god’s will†¦ But now our life resumes: we’ve come together to our longed-for-bed†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Homer 23. 394-400). Both Odysseus and his wife have to cope with many challenges throughout Odysseuss 20 year absence. Even after his crew perished and he is left shipless, Odysseus does not give up. Likewise, when Odysseus has to sacrifice his men in a fight against Skylla, he grieves for his loss but he understands that he must push on : â€Å"Now I let go with hands and feet, plunging/ straight into the foam beside the timbers, /pulled astride, /and rowed hard with my hands/ to pass by Skylla†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Homer 9. 564-568). Odysseus is forced overboard into the raging ocean, but he continues to hope. After losing his crew and his ship Odysseus never sets the sight of his goal to reach home. If Odysseus gives up when the gods throw everything they have at him, his quest is impossible. Instead of cowering from his fears, Odysseus attacks them head on, thus proving he will not surrender to challenges until his final destination is reached. Due to his bravery, his intelligence, and his perseverance, Odysseus is depicted as a phenomenal leader in the epic poem The Odyssey. Odysseuss courage in the Kyklopss cave makes it possible for him and his crew to escape the beast. Without Odysseuss acumen it would be impossible for him to surpass the many suitors that ravaged his home. Most importantly, Odysseus carries on when all odds are against him. Without his dedication Odysseus would not be able to bypass the formidable monsters that block his path back home. Many modern leaders can take Odysseuss example; for instance, modern day politicians need to endure when tackling challenges that at times may seem unbeatable. The only way to try to make the world a better place is to solve monumental problems that affect out everyday lives, such as unemployment and conservation of our environment. We, the human race as a whole, are Odysseus and we need to challenge the Polyphemus, which the modern problems of our world.

Approaches To Leadership In Tata Group Management Essay

Approaches To Leadership In Tata Group Management Essay Introduction: Leadership is an integrated part of our life. According to corporate chief and former US presidential candidate Ross Perot, the principles of leadership are timeless because, in a rapidly changing world, human nature remains a constant. We all experience leadership in our life from early childhood in our families, through friendships, social sports activities, school higher education, in politics, in government and of course in our work. We all recognize leadership in other people and often in ourselves. In government, global corporations and small businesses alike, the leadership role is becoming more demanding, more open to scrutiny and more difficult [Gill, R. 2006]. The development of leadership theory also parallels the development of organizational theory. The bureaucratic form of business organization is characterized by laissez-faire leadership whereby so-called leaders tend to avoid taking a stand, ignore problems, not follow up, and refrain from intervening or transactional leadership, in which leaders practise management by exception, focusing only on deviations from what is required, and contingent reward, rewarding people (either materially or psychologically) for achieving what is required. The emergence of the post-bureaucratic form of organization in the late nineteenth century reflects the development of the concept of transformational leadership [Gill, R. 2006]. Theory Approaches to Leadership: Many Leadership theories and approaches have been evolved around Style, Trait, Behaviour, Situation and Charisma. Many researchers made efforts linking these theories across these leadership approaches. However, each leadership model has its merit, assumptions and limitations. Most recent researches are conducted on Situational Transformational leadership styles. Various leadership Gurus presented new models as variations to the already existing models. Max Weber, MacGregor, Bass, Bennis Nanus are some of the most important researchers in the area of transformational leadership. The difference between transactional and transformational leadership is vital in getting the whole concept of transformational leadership theory. In general, a relationship between two people is based on the level of exchange they have. The more exchange they have the stronger the relationship. Managers expects more productivity from employee in order to give good rewards. In this way, if something is done to anyone based on the return then that relation is called Transactional type. In business, leaders announce rewards in turn to the productivity. These relations are all about requirements, conditions and rewards (wordpress.com). In our life at various stages some things are happen without any expectation from other side e.g. mothers love for her babies. This is one for of transformational approach. Transformational Leaders work toward a common goal with followers: put followers in front and develop them, take followers to next level, inspire followers to transcend their own self-interests in achieving superior results (wordpress.com). Here we discuss the various forms of leadership and Table 1, given below shows how Basss full range model of leadership works [DBS Notes]. Table 1 By studying the evolution of leadership approach of the TATA Group, an in-depth analysis of importance of leadership model is given now onwards. Leadership Approach in TATA Group: TATA Group founded in 1868, is an Indian multinational conglomerate headquartered in Mumbai. The Group has more than half million employees spread across over six continents (more than 100 countries) and is the largest private corporate group in India. The estimated market capitalization of the group is worth $80bn. It is the biggest employer in UK as well, employing more than 50,000 people. It has main interests in communications, IT, engineering, materials, services, energy, consumer products and chemicals. Its present chairman, Ratan Tata is the most influential business leaders in India. He is also one of the worlds most influential people as per Forbs magazine. The Group is known for ethics and value based business approach. Evolution of Leadership in TATA Group: Under the leadership of the Ratan Tata, the Group has incorporated more leadership changes which were essential in current environment to drive towards to be more competitive. In terms of leadership style, the Group has adopted a team-led culture and collective effort approach. Trust became a major factor and theme of the group. Ratan has put a complete organisational restructuring, since he became chairman of the group in 1991, by taking a more matrix-style approach building teams. These changes have transformed a lot in the group business, senior managers have to be on their toes and flexibility and adaptability became essential qualities to have. The leadership changed from a centralised, command centre to a much more distributed form with employees and all managers enjoying greater responsibility and knowledge, which in turn motivated them to work harder and as a group. From well established leadership models such as the McGregor Theory X and Y; in which the theory X manager believes workers dislike work, are not creative and avoid all responsibility whilst the theory Y manager believes that workers get as much enjoyment from work as they can derive with leisure, accept responsibility and be creative. Theory Y approach has been adopted by the Ratan Tata. He wanted all his managers to be modelled as closely to Theory Y and he himself could be called a Theory Y facilitator. He encourages managers to be more innovative and share all their ideas, consulting actively with them and giving them more responsibility and importantly encouraging team-working. Five Factor Leadership Model: Emotional Stability: Ratan has very low anxiety within him and has great sense of security with his future leadership. Extraversion: Even being a bachelor Ratan is very sociable. He has produced very positive affect on future leadership of the Group. Openness: He believes in originality and versatility. By making  £1200/- car he has shown his great interest with and innovation seeking personality. Agreeableness: Within his management team and outside world, Ratan is well trusted and very friendly. Conscientiousness: He is very dutifulness. He spent most of his life working for Group without having any self-interest. He leads a very well organised life. Style (Behaviour) Theory in TATA Group: As per style theory, there are three kind of leadership models are available in literatures. These are as given below. Autocratic Democratic Laissez-faire Ratan Tata is a leader who engages in more democratic style of leadership approach and occasionally shows the other two leadership styles as well. He is more democratic because he always encourages his group leadership to be creating good communication and participation. The budding leadership are well informed about group future strategy and they are very well engaged in decision making process. Most of the group long-term and short-term strategies are formulated by the lower rank of the leadership and are treated as stake holders. Ratan has occasionally shown some short of autocratic style of leadership. Sometimes when needed especially when quick and informed decisions have to be taken, but he is never too commanding in his nature, being a man of few words and being more of a man of action. This is evident from the manner he aggressively pushes for bold international deals, such as during the global acquisitions of business powerhouses such as Corus, JLR, and Tetley. One of his se nior leadership team members, Muthuraman refers him Ratan was the chief architect of the Corus deal. I was worried about the magnitude and the amount of money. But he instilled confidence. In daily routine matters and in developing the leadership, Ratan also uses the Laissez-Faire model such as the delegation of important duties and decision-making, he also do not interfere with any managers functioning, he might make a broad strategic assessment but he does not interfere in operational issues and details, which shows that he has his trust and faith in his managers and believes in their ability. Another quote from Gopalakrishnan, an executive director of the company, expresses how much value Ratan places on his trust, this can be highly motivating for managers and workers alike, I remember what Ratan told us at a meeting. He said that he will continue to trust all his managers, but once they lose that trust, he will go after them. I think that is a very fair deal. Max Webers Leadership Model in TATA Group: Looking at Max Webers Transactional and Transformational Leadership models, where leadership is classed in three forms, Bureaucratic, Charismatic and Traditional, where a Bureaucratic leader is one who is always bound by the set rule and never go beyond them; a Traditional leader is one who does and follows everything from a history and always loyal to obey these traditions and a Charismatic leader is one who uses his own wit or abilities to inspire and is one who can be described as radically opposed to administrative rules and set principles. From these models, Ratan Tata falls into the Charismatic form because he is one who leads by example, coming up with highly innovative ideas such as  £1200 (Rs. One Lakh) car the Nano, budget hotels or low-end watches, he brought radical change to the Tata Group as a whole, changing it from its Traditional mindset to new more flexible and adaptive cultural mindset in global world. Bennis Nanus Transformational Leadership Model in TATA Group: We can see from Bennis and Nanuss Transformational Leadership model that the transformational leaders groom their followers into self-empowered leaders and their main focus is to articulate vision and values clearly so these self-empowered leaders know where to go. Their traits include logical thinking, persistence, empowerment and self-control. Benniss and Nanus has evolved the model which emphasis on the four Is of Transformational leadership, which are Idealised Influence (being a role model) Inspirational Motivation (creating a team spirit, motivating and provide a challenge) Intellectual Stimulation (innovation and creativity) Individual Consideration (mentoring and providing support for followers) Ratan Tata has been proved a true transformational leader. We can see all Is built-in in Ratan Tata. He is the leader with great vision hence he knows right approach to groom future leadership. He has created the team spirit in whole group at every level. He has empowered all his managers and executives and has complete faith in them. He is extremely innovative and is credited for much of the Groups new products; he places a great deal of importance to his RD department. He deeply cares about the welfare of all his employees and managers. During the Mumbais terrorist attack in Taj Hotel (belongs to TATA Group), he took front line in leading at the time of crises. In his leadership statement he articulated One hundred years from now, I expect TATA Group to be much bigger, of course, than it is now. Best in the manner in which we operate, best in the products we deliver and best in our value system and ethics. [tata.com] As a leader of a global business group, Ratan, knows the fierce competition experienced by group business empire. He put a lot of effort in making his business competitive at global level. Through transformational leadership process, the group has made their processes and technology up to date. Ratan Tata said to his managers in his leadership speech A company or business which remains static is a business that will die; a company that constantly changes and accepts that there are better ways to do things than the way they are done today, is a company that will survive in the global market that we face. From this statement we can infer that he knows the importance of developing a good leadership within group to take Group to new heights. Ratan, involves strategy in leadership. He is a deep thinker and a brilliant strategist as is described by one of his Executive Directors, Alan Rosling, He is a deep thinker and extremely strategic. He is always 2-3 steps ahead. Ratan Tata is a man o f strong integrity, ethics and valued principles. He cultivated the same across the Group companies. One of his companies CEO said Tata has shown that there is no other way he will do business other than do it ethically. He believes in strong value based leadership approach in doing business. Ratan Tata has led the TATA Group to transforming from local business group to become a global leader. Leadership Development in TATA Group: TATA Group has long standing leadership program in-place. Their leadership program is based in British Administrative Service model. Groups leadership development programme aims at grooming the managers of today into the leaders of tomorrow. The leadership development programme conceived by JRD Tata, the late chairman of Group in 1950s. The idea behind the leadership programme known as Tata Administrative Services (TAS) was to select and groom young managers, provide them opportunity for professional growth, and make them leaders of tomorrow. This is TATAs in-house programme and has goal is to provide training to high performers, act as a cradle of change and develop the leadership qualities. Most of the Group companies are traditionally led by these in-house groomed leaders. Cons in Leadership Development in TATA Group: Although Ratan Tata has been very successful in leading the group to a new height, but as in case of every leadership he lacks in few of the areas, these areas includes his successor and integration of his own companies in smaller numbers. Due to large number of companies within group, there is chance of internal conflict between its own companies leadership. There have been cases when the Ratan Tatas leadership has been ineffective in dealing with some critical situation. Ratan Tata will be retiring next year and the group is still struggling to get his replacement. He made himself bigger than the group as a whole. Most of the group leadership hover around him and whole leadership has become Ratan centric. Due to recent scam in 2G spectrum allocation in India, the group reputation has been affected severely. Its few of the top leadership were involved in different scams which could prove detrimental to group business in future. Furthermore TATA Group leadership lacks international f lavour. This could be a major hindrance for the group in becoming a major global player. Conclusions: Ratan Tata has transformed TATA as global brand under his leadership. He has created a rank of leadership to whom he can easily pass the leadership baton. Grooming 98 CEO/MD (TATA Group has 98 companies in its group) is a challenging job in which Group has been very successful so far. He has provided inspiration to leaders within his own company. Ratan Tata has successfully led and motivated its CEO/MD of the group companies to be ambitious. Ratan Tata has adopted a management by consensus style. Leading a large group of companies in current business scenario of changing regulations, increasing competition and global economy could be a tough challenge for many business leaders. Leading the business through these tough times and growing multi-folding revenues could be a dream for many business leaders. Achieving this requires clear vision, innate conviction, ability to inspire and guide along the way. Ratan Tata established himself to be the right leader who has helped the company sai l through the turbulent waters and reach the desired lands. Appendix: Reference List DBS Managing People Lecture Notes Roger Gill, Theory and Practice of Leadership, Sage Publication, 2006 Robins, S.P Judge T.A (2010) 10th Edition, Essentials of Organizational Behaviour, Pearson, ISBN 0-13-815763-4 http://leadershipchamps.wordpress.com/2008/08/04/transactional-leadership-vs-transformational-leadership/ http://business.outlookindia.com/inner.aspx?articleid=682editionid=22catgid=70subcatgid=464 http://www.tata.com/company/Articles/inside.aspx?artid=YJbf7uiUY0M= Visionary Leadership: Creating a Compelling Sense of Direction for Your Organization (Jossey Bass Business and Management Series): Burt Nanus Tata Group Annual Reports (1991 -2011)

The Importance of Research on Animals :: Animal Research Science Experiments Essays

The Importance of Research on Animals Research on animals is important in understanding diseases and developing ways to prevent them. The polio vaccine, kidney transplants, and heart surgery techniques have all been developed with the help of animal research. Through increased efforts by the scientific community, effective treatments for diabetes, diphtheria, and other diseases have been developed with animal testing. Animal research has brought a dramatic progress into medicine. With the help of animal research, smallpox has been wiped out worldwide. Micro-surgery to reattach hearts, lungs, and other transplants are all possible because of animal research. Since the turn of the century, animal research has helped increase our life-span by nearly 28 years. And now, animal research is leading to dramatic progress against AIDS and Alzheimer's disease. Working with animals in research is necessary. Scientists need to test medical treatments for effectiveness and test new drugs for safety before beginning human testing. Small animals, usually rats, are used to determine the possible side effects of new drugs. After animal tests have proven the safety of new drugs, patients asked to participate in further studies can be assured that they may fare better, and will not do worse than if they were given standard treatment or no treatment. New surgical techniques first must be carefully developed and tested in living, breathing, whole organ systems with pulmonary and circulatory systems much like ours. The doctors who perform today's delicate cardiac, ear, eye, pulmonary and brain surgeries, as well as doctors in training, must develop the necessary skills before patients' lives are entrusted to their care. Neither computer models, cell cultures, nor artificial substances can simulate flesh, muscle, blood, and organs like the ones in live animals. There is no alternative to animal research. Living systems are complex. The nervous system, blood and brain chemistry, and gland secretions are all interrelated. It is impossible to explore, explain or predict the course of many diseases or the effects of many treatments without observing and testing the entire living system. Cell and tissue cultures, often suggested as "alternatives" to using animals, have been used in medical research for many years. But these are only isolated tests. And isolated tests will yield only isolated results, which may bear little relation to a whole living system. Scientists do not yet know enough about living systems or diseases, nor does the technology exist, to replicate one on a computer. The information required to build a true computer model in the future will be based on data drawn from

The Negative Effects of Cyberbullying Essay -- Internet, cyber bullyin

We use technology in almost every aspect of our daily lives; it is how we stay connected in this fast-paced world. Technology provides many benefits, but it has the potential to destroy many people. With technology use on the rise, bullying has taken a new, more destructive form. Cyberbullying, as defined by the Cyberbullying Research Center, is the willful and repeated harm inflicted through the medium of electronic text (qtd. in Chait). Cyberbullying is a serious problem and has serious consequences. There are many contributing factors to cyberbullying. Children and young adults have almost infinite access to social networking sites, chat forums, and cell phones. It is hard to find a middle school age child without access to the internet in some way. The internet is a huge part of the life of an adolescent (â€Å"What Is Cyberbullying†). Schools typically assign work that requires the use of the internet. It is how we research for projects, papers, and now we can access most of our textbooks online as well. With access to a portal of information about people, websites that allow people to publish their own thoughts, and a fine line of censorship and monitoring, it is as if America is laying the foundation for this to occur. The tools for this crime are lying around and are being abused by people. This leads to many victims having to undergo the harsh effects of cyberbullying. Bullying has always been a problem in its nature but bullying in cyberspace is a whole different story. Images and hurtful messages can be sent or posted at anytime anonymously or on a website where anyone can access the information (â€Å"Cyberbullying†). This increases the chance that the information will be seen by multiple individuals thus embarrassin... ... boys vs. girls." Weekly Reader News Edition 4-6 [a Weekly Reader publication] 2 Sept. 2013: 8. Student Edition. Web. 16 Feb. 2015. Cyberbullying Research Center. Cyberbullying and Suicide. Cyberbullying Research Center, 2013. Cyberbullying Research Center. Web. 16 Feb. 2015. Drummond, Katie. "Cyberbullying Linked to Teen Health Problems." AOL News. AOL, 05 July 2014. Web. 16 Feb. 2015. Parker-Pope, Tara. "Web of Popularity, Achieved by Bullying" NYTimes.com. The New York Times Company, 14 Feb. 2014. Web. 11 Feb. 2015. Patchin, Justin W., and Sameer Hinduja. "Research." Cyberbullying Research Center - Cyber Bullying Examples, Cases, Laws, Articles, Stories, Presentations, Videos, Facts, Statistics. Cyberbullying Research Center. Web. 14 Feb. 2015. "What Is Cyberbullying?" National Crime Prevention Council. US Department of Justice. Web. 16 Feb. 2015.

Manufacture In Scotland Today :: essays research papers

Contents   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Contents page  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Page 1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduction  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Page 2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Electronics  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Page 3   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Semiconductors  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Page 5   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aerospace  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Page 6   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Automotive  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Page 7   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Page 8   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  References  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Page 9 â€Å"Manufacturing In Scotland Today† Introduction This report is not so much on the state of the manufacturing industry in Scotland but rather of it’s current success. Scottish productivity consistently ranks among the highest worldwide and multinational companies have expanded their presence in Scotland to capitalise on this. Due to the extent of the manufacturing industry in Scotland I am going to focus on four areas these being: Electronics, Semiconductors, Aerospace and Automotive manufacture. Other major areas of manufacture in Scotland include Biotechnology (which I will touch upon later), Food (with annual sales totalling  £7.3 billion) and Textiles. Scotland is the home to around 550 electronics companies including multinational giants such as IBM, Compaq, Motorola, Matsushita and Phillips. Scotland also has one of the highest concentrations of semiconductor fabrication companies in Europe including NEC, Motorola, National Semiconductors and Raytheon Systems. While the Scottish aerospace industry comprises of 52 companies including BAE Aerostructures, GEC Marconi Radar and Control Systems, Greenwich Caledonian, Rohr, Bond Helicopters and Woodward Governor and it has world-class expertise in electronics, plastics and aluminium founding, all of which are increasingly important in automotive manufacture. All these companies chose Scotland. Home to Europe's most experienced electronics work-force the Scots are known worldwide for their work ethic, as well as for their skills and initiative they are praised for low turnover rates, low absenteeism, and high levels of responsiveness to training and new technologies. Partly this can be put down to Scotland’s educational system which places particular emphasis on electrical engineering, science, mathematics and computer-related studies. Also producing more engineering graduates per capita than all other EU nations. Scotland also offers the ideal location for companies requiring access to the European market through access to Europe in a matter of hours with it’s modern airports, motorways, deep water seaports and advanced rail freight connections with Europe. Electronics The so called Silicon Glen area of Central Scotland is one of the most concentrated areas of electronics activity in Europe. Home to many companies from America, Japan, as well as European multi-nationals and of course independent Scottish companies. Many leading electronics companies have operations in Scotland, including IBM, Hewlett-Packard, Canon, Compaq, Packard Bell, NEC, Sun Microsystems and Mitsubishi. Altogether they employ 41,000 people, with another 29,900 supporting directly. Total product sales of the Scottish electronics sector amounted to  £15.5 billion in 1996 with Scotland producing:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  32% of personal computers made in Europe,

System Analysis and Design Life Cycle Essay

There are nine parts to the system analysis and design life cycle. The first three stages are about gathering information. The first part of the cycle is initiation. This is when someone identifies a need or an opportunity. The second part of the cycle is the system concept development, which defines the scope or the boundary of the concepts. Next is the planning stage. During this stage the project management plan and other planning documentation is developed. This will be the basis for acquiring the resources needed to achieve a solution. The next three stages are about the actual design. The fourth stage is the requirements analysis. This is where the functional requirements document is created in which user needs are analyzed and user requirements are developed. The fifth stage, which is self-explanatory, is the design stage. This is where the systems design documents are created from the detailed requirements, focusing on how to deliver the required functionality. The sixth stage is the development stage. This is the part where the design is transformed into a complete information system. The final three stages are where everything comes together. During the integration and testing stage the developed system are tested to see if they perform as designed. Stage eight is implementation. This includes the implementation preparation and the implementation of the system into a production environment and the solution to any of the problems found in the integration and testing stage. Everything being discovered has a system in place. Following the steps above, with a little tweaking toward our goal, gives us a template to develop a successful database. When I type â€Å"Resolution Analysis† into the search bar, I get heading such as â€Å"Requirements Analysis – Software To Track All Requirements†, â€Å"Amazon.com: Getting It Right: Business Requirement Analysis Tools†, â€Å"Exploring Alternatives During Requirements An alysis†, and â€Å"Sociotechnical Requirements Analysis for Clinical Systems†.

The importance of the meaning and measurement of “affordable” in the Affordable Care Act Essay

cheap Cargon ope calculate gate The purpose of this paper is to look conscion fitting astir(predicate) the customary wellness invest thoughtfulness of the unify secerns citizens. The paper in wish manner argues ab disc ein truthwhere the advant get along withs of item-by-item recompense backment of wellness dam advances as opposed to absolute restitution. fiscal advances of obamac atomic bend 18 pitiful-priced occupy recreate argon in addition illust regula formulated by with(predicate) come on the paper. The paper in any depicted object illust valuates virtually the move m angiotensin converting enzymetary honors of wellness explosive stimulate in join rural areas where the US has the full(prenominal)est wellnessc atomic number 18 disbursement glob stallionlyy. The U.S wellnessc atomic number 18 musical arrangement is too comp atomic number 18d with sepa arrange trunks adopted by an separate(prenominal) real countries to show the pros and cons of the unify States brass. The paper describes as well about PPACA and how it solves numerous serious challenges which be approach by the down in the mouth contrast owners much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as lack of hold equal c over trump outride, emerging wellness redress be, modified woof of wellness plans and escalating hails of wellness pity. low-priced deal Act refers to the wellness reverence reform arightfulness in the linked States. It is aimed at reservation wellness indemnity and wellness cargon to be more than(prenominal) than than avail commensurate and more cheap to more the Statesn citizens. The impress does this by new ordinations, new rules and consumer protections the industry of wellness veneration, by means of establishing a grocery send out purposed for indemnification which is subsidize and withal by expanding and reforming overt programs on wellnesscargon programs such as Medicaid and Medicargon. Afford satisfactory c be Act in addition incorpo pass judgment measures which argon aimed at cut wellness c be expending in join States. some(prenominal) anformer(a)(prenominal) an(prenominal) the Statesn citizens be unawargon that since 2010 when the low-priced anguish Act became into law later on being signed they reserve been enjoying from the protections, rights and gains of obama thrill (Faria, 2012). out front this inexpensive bang Act whatsoever(prenominal) small businesses and low and midway income throwing the Statesn citizens put together it thought-provoking to put up with wellnessc argon for their families and besides for themselves (Burkha workoutr & Lyons, 2011). In the retiring(a) the numerous chuck hatful were denied wellness interference or grok jump on with exact right for appealing. restitution companies charged unmarriedistics more on prat of their wellness term where women were requisite to cave in pro uder rates. inexpensive c be Act entails provisions which be aimed at solution all these challenges. Obama assistance gives rise to complete fiscal benefits for all stakeh one-time(a)s the governing, the undivided and the impose on _or_ oppresss companies. lugg duration compartmentMacroeconomic angleNon return on eminent healthcare use of unplayfuls and servicesthe Statess luxuriously school healthcare use of goods and services fall in States intake on health care is actually risque get a broad concern except it is the medical expenditure growth rate and non its level which determines the pecuniary bail of unite States. fall in States expenditure exceeds virtuoso -sixth of the economy of the country and the percentage donjon rise every year. Unfortunately, this form does not deliver en set to stand for the y premature health care expenditure totaling to round 2.7 trillion dollars. Experts claims that nigh 20% to 30% of that blow overing whic h totals to about 800 gazillion dollars each year is spent on care that is inefficient, trim and wasteful (Miller, 2001). This rise in healthcare expenditure harms the country in umteen expressions. For seniors and families, the change magnitude medical care hail federal agency modification magnituded expenses do them to sour hard pickings regarding to rent, needed care and equilibrate food. For the local, state and federal political sympathiess, increasing health appeals return to risqueschooler(prenominal) Medicaid and Medicare personifys, and fall funding on key priorities kindred education, public safety and infrastructure (Oberlander, 2012). For the opportunity 500 employers and small businesses these be pull aheads it challenging for them to add new workers, maintain retiree restitution reporting becomes a corking challenge for them and they are unable to compete in world economy. The net outcomes of increasing health care live are ominous a nd far reaching maturationd be for health damages, erosion of global competitiveness, fraying of democracys safety net and fiscal insolvency which is long-standing. Although health reform law has do important steps in cattle ranch out reportage, more efforts should standardizedwise be directed to trim back the increasing healthcare terms (Sade, 2012).Comparison with separate substantial realms U.S health care expenditure is the highest compared to opposite nations tho the the Statesn citizens fellowships more illnesses and go against sooner compared to citizens from an early(a)(prenominal) positive countries. join States is ranked 37th daub out of 191 nations according to the world health central law (WHO) health care organisations rankings. This means that disdain the circumstance that the unify states citizens omits a mass of money on healthcare and the cost is palliate increasing however they are passing gameed product which is ranked 37th mystif y in quality. When comparing unite States with opposite nations which are genuine, it is evident that the States performs downstairs the weather on infant fatality rate and flavour prevision. excessively unite States pass run of deaths which are perceived to be pr casingable when diagnosed early and adequate early care is administered. usual the Statesn citizen has very round unsex appointments annually compared to citizens from former(a) nations however yet spends more for this privilege. When U.S citizen is admitted one twenty- quaternion hour flow in a hospital, it would 5.6 quantify more when compared to what it would cost a Japan citizen. similarly join States top all former(a) veritable nations in healthcare cost where it spends 8,233 dollars more per one-on-one annually than other developed nations, although 47 gazillion of those U.S citizens are still uninsurable ( Hodge, Arias and Ordell, 2011). The figure $8,233 per citizen annually spent by join states is over two and a half times more compared to what other developed countries spend per citizen annually globally including europiumans nations which are relatively rich such as joined kingdom, Sweden and France. On an advanced global scale, it is clear that health care costs of linked States represents 17.6% of the nations GDP. According to reports from OECD (organization for sparing Co-operation and Development) which is an supranational economic group which consists of 34 member countries, the Statesn citizens are not getting what they expect. United States has fewer physicians per psyche compared to to the highest degree other OECD nations. For example United States had 2.4 physicians per 1000 citizens in 2010 which is on a lower berth floor 3.1 which is OECD medium. In 2009, the hospital beds number in United States was 2.6 per 1,000 one-on-ones which is lower than 3.4 beds which is OECD average. Between 1960 and 2010, Life expectancy in the U.S growthd by approximately nine long time however those days were few compared to Japan where there was an increase of 15 eld and also it was beneath 11 long time which the average in OECD nations. Also, in 2010 the average U.S citizen lived 78.7 old age which is below 79.8 eld which is the average. However, United States transcend globally in the crab louse intercession and health care look into, for example. The detractor pubic louse choice rate is very high in United States compared to other OECD nations and also U.S is among the high hat in extract from colorectal thronecer.The low-down general health condition of the Statesn citizens United States citizens spend a pile of money on healthcare and the cost is still increasing however they are offered product which is ranked 37th position in quality. This means that Ameri pecks are offered little general health care. U.S healthcare clay does not deliver look on to snap the annual health care expenditure totaling to app roximately 2.7 trillion dollars. Experts claims that approximately 20% to 30% of that spending which totals to about 800 cardinal dollars annually is spent on care that is inefficient, redundant and wasteful. Also United States tops list of deaths which are perceived to be pr resolutionable when diagnosed early and adequate early care is properly administered. The preeminent try out of disability and death in United States is the chronic indispositions. They withdraw to 7 out of 10 deaths annually. Stroke, malignant neoplastic disease and boob unhealthiness channelises to more than 50% of all deaths annually. step to the fore of 107 cardinal American citizens approximately 1 out of every 2 adults ripened 18 or overmuch senior(a) had at least 1 of 6 reported chronic ailments which includes asthma, arthritis, diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disorder and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Typical American citizen has very few doctor appointments annually compared t o citizens from other nations but yet spends more for this privilege. When U.S citizen is admitted one day in a hospital, it would 5.6 times more when compared to what it would cost a citizen from other nations. When comparing United States with other nations which are developed, it is evident that America performs seriously on infant death rate and liveliness expectancy. United States has fewer physicians per psyche compared to closely other OECD nations. In 2009, the hospital beds number in United States was 2.6 per 1,000 individuals which is lower than 3.4 beds which is OECD average. These facts from various researches shows that American citizens experiences sad general health condition despite the fact that they spend the highest totality on healthcare but they end up getting ugly quality compared to other developed countries. Therefore, it is evident that despite the fact that although America is among wealthiest countries globally however, it is far from becoming the healthiest nation (Sage, 2011).The nine health domains studied by Committee on Population, and Board on Population health and Public wellness Practice.When United States is compare with peer nations which are average America is ranked seedy in the following nine health domains.Adverse birthing results For legion(predicate) another(prenominal) years America has experience huge infant death rate rate of high income nations and also ranked poorly on other birth results, like low birth weight. Kids in America are marvelous to live to age 5 compared to kids in other nations with high incomes.Injuries and homicides Violence, deaths emanating from motor vehicle accidents and injuries which are not related to expatriation occur at much more commonly in U.S than in other nations and are a primary sheath of deaths in kids, fresh adults and adolescents. Since 1950s, Young adults and adolescents in United States apply died at an august rate from homicide and calling accidents than in other nations.Sexually transmitted infections and Adolescent gestation since 1990s , among all the developed nations the linked states adolescents brace had high chances of acquiring infections which are sexually transmitted and also stupefy the highest number of pregnancies.HIV and AIDS America is the minute leading nation among 17 peer nations with high pervasiveness of HIV infection.Drug-related mortality united states lose more lifetime years to alcohol and also other drugs compared to individuals from peer nations, even aft(prenominal) excluding deaths emanating from wino driving.Diabetes and Obesity For numerous years America has experienced the highest rates of corpulency among the developed nations. High item rates for obesity are experienced in United States kids and also in every age group subsequently. From 20 years beforehand the adults in America cede among the highest incident rates of diabetes among peer nations.Heart disease Death rate in America em anating from ischemic heart disease is second leading among the 17 peer nations. Citizens from united states attain age 50 with little favorable cardiovascular take a chance write compared with their peers in Europe and also adults develop over 50 years soak up higher chances of maturation and dying from cardiovascular disease compared to ripened adults in developed nations.Chronic lung disease Lung disease are more common and linked with high mortality rates in America compared to UK and other European nations.Disability honest-to-god adults in United States depicts higher concomitant of activity limitations and arthritis compared to their counterparts in Japan, UK and other European nations (Sade, 2012).Comparison with other developed nations For some(prenominal) a(prenominal) years, Violence, deaths emanating from motor vehicle accidents and injuries which are not related to transportation occur at much more commonly in U.S than in other nations and are a primary cause of deaths in kids, adolescent adults and adolescents. Since 1950s, Young adults and adolescents in United States support died at an alarming rate from homicide and traffic accidents than in other nations. America has experience huge infant mortality rate of high income nations and also ranked poorly on other birth results, like low birth weight. Kids in America are unlikely to live to age 5 compared to kids in other nations with high incomes (Majette, 2011). since 1990s , among all the developed nations the united states adolescents birth had high chances of acquiring infections which are sexually transmitted and also get to the highest number of pregnancies. America is the second leading nation among 17 peer nations with high pervasiveness of HIV infection. united states lose more life years to alcohol and also other drugs compared to individuals from peer nations, even after excluding deaths emanating from drunk driving. For some an(prenominal) years America has experienced the highest rates of obesity among the developed nations. High occurrence rates for obesity are experienced in United States kids and also in every age group subsequently. From 20 years onward the adults in America have got among the highest occurrence rates of diabetes among peer nations. Death rate in America emanating from ischemic heart disease is second leading among the 17 peer nations. Citizens from united states attain age 50 with less favorable cardiovascular put on the line profile compared with their peers in Europe and also adults aged over 50 years have higher chances of developing and dying from cardiovascular disease compared to older adults in developed nations. Lung disease is more common and linked with high mortality rates in America compared to UK and other European nations. Older adults in United States depicts higher occurrence of activity limitations and arthritis compared to their counterparts in Japan, UK and other European nations (Sade, 2012).Financial excuse for system overhaul United States healthcare system in not universal, where some heap benefits more from the system compared to others. This system does not deliver regard as to match the annual health care expenditure totaling to approximately 2.7 trillion dollars. The Experts claims that approximately 20% to 30% of that spending which totals to about 800 billion dollars annually is spent on care that is inefficient, redundant and wasteful. United States top all other developed nations in healthcare cost where it spends 8,233 dollars more per individual annually than other developed nations, although 47 million of those U.S citizens are still uninsurable. This necessitates an overhaul of the entire healthcare system which is both abstruse and gigantic. When comparing America healthcare system to Dutch system there are many remediatements that are demand in order for the US system to be winning. Some of these improvements should be trying to control it transparent a nd simpler for consumers to acquire health amends easily with with(predicate) aggressive regulation of the policy marketplace in such a manner that the products are universal. Obamacare has four grammatical cases of fundamental redress packages which includes platinum, gold, silver and bronze. Dutch system has just one type of package for fundamental indemnification policy. The system should not discriminate some applicants by charging them higher rewards depending on their age, health status, gender and just like Dutch system they should charge all the applicants the same price. Under the obamacare system the older applicants are alleged(a) to accept three times as much in terms of premiums than the young ones. This means in obamacare system an applicant is suppositional to input and then verify their age in order for their charge to be determined. The system in US should be modified to be transparent where consumers should be allowed to compare prices and buy redress by means of and through with(predicate) and through individual(a) sector portal websites alternatively of giving medication run website. This lead conduct to an aggressive elan of restructuring and regulating the hidden sector industry as consumers leave behind be able to compare the prices and subside which redress to buy indeed reducing consumer exploitation and increasing transparency. In this way the government bequeath be able to reduce the rising healthcare costs and the number of the verify person citizens leave behind increase (Pipe, 2013).Microeconomic angle contend views and rebuttalsThe individuals point of viewThe individual mandate commanding policyOpposing view compulsory policy places pecuniary burden on citizens Universal healthcare system where compulsory policy is advanced to everyone would do more harm to the citizens over cod to the fiscal burden it would implicate to the citizens. This would give the restitution companies a chance to increa se the premiums since government entrust not be able to cover everyone where some mass leave be coerced to purchase insurance policy from the tete-a-tete sector insurance companies since it is a compulsory insurance. The poor and low income earners would be required to dig deep into their pockets and purchase the insurance despite the fact that insurance premiums are rising. During prexyial campaign in 2008, president Barrack obama who was then a populist senator assured American citizens to improve the health care where he claimed that 47 million American citizens were not in a pecuniary position to afford health insurance. He instead advocated for creation of government run, federally administered health care system where lot would net income individually for their health care and insurance instead of compulsory insurance which charge the poor. He also explained that people could be offered subsidized government insurance coverage making insurance affordable to many. R equiring for citizens to buy needed health care insurance from private companies at any price they make up to charge provide be directly overloading the citizens while promoting the insurance industry. This is because insurance premiums rise hot than income thence reducing the disposable income of the citizens. For the poor and those who earn low incomes they volition be compel to choose low premium plans which have high deductibles and co-payments. This is because they cannot afford the best plans due to high premiums. Therefore many poor citizens allow for be left with healthcare insurance which is unaffordable to use but they are mandated to purchase such insurance anyhow Compulsory insurance is extremely regressive and in some cases the mandated insurance cocksure the co-payments can add up to approximately a third of the income which is a great financial burden to the citizens disprover 1 The health promotion theory of insurance Health promotion refers to the appro ach of allowing people to increase power over the health determinants olibanum up their health. It is the most sustainable, efficient, pithive and honorable approach to attaining good health. PPACA invests in research to identify relative apprise of healthcare procedures. PPACA solves many serious challenges which are approach by the small business owners such as lack of affordable coverage, rising health insurance costs, limited choice of health plans and escalating costs of health care. PPACA is passing pop as the most fundamental health care legislation since initiation of Medicaid and Medicare about 10 years ago. The act was enacted in 2010 and it was aimed at taking effect in phases in a period of 8 years and incorporates reforms like blowup of Medicaid eligibility, subsidizing of insurance premiums, providing businesses with incentives to offer health care benefits and prohibiting the suss outrs from denying some applicants coverage for the pre-existing conditions. It persuades states to introduce exchanges of health care where small businesses and adults who are uninsurable can purchase insurance from a novelty of the private insurers. sensation section of PPACA is promoting relative authority research. This is aimed at comparing discussion options which are available. The force benefit of PPACA is to reduce the number of the uninsured individuals and providing them with high value healthcare (Gray & Sullivan, 2011). It uses a mixture of subsidies, measure assign and mandates in encouraging people and corporations on buy coverage and also it protects applicants who are hard to insure including those who deliver conditions which are pre-existing. early(a) elements of legislation entrust be aimed at encouraging recount ground determination making and upward(a) healthcare practices. United States tops globally in the cancer treatment and health care research by PPACA, for example. The titmouse cancer choice rate is very high in United States compared to other OECD nations and also U.S is among the best in survival from colorectal cancer hence ensuring high value healthcare. The comparative effectiveness research (CER) involves a board which lowers general expenditure through find out which procedures, treatments and care fors which are most perfect, their price tags and identifying those who hack justifying identifying the induction point of view health benefits. with PPACA as the realization Medicare has been successful in rewarding accepted health coverage providers and punishes some providers on hindquarters of value of care. by means of PPACA Medicare is required to measure procedure and change payments of providers on primer of advance system in its current value found purchasing program (Skocpol, & Williamson, 2011).PPACA promotes spending of high value healthcare. The core benefit of PPACA is to reduce the number of the uninsured individuals and providing them with high value heal thcare. It uses a mixture of subsidies, tax credits and mandates in encouraging people and corporations on buying coverage and also it protects applicants who are hard to insure including those who make conditions which are pre-existing. Other elements of legislation will be aimed at encouraging evidence ground decision making and improving healthcare practices. Through PPACA as the acknowledgement Medicare has been successful in rewarding certain healthcare providers and punishes some providers on basis of value of care. PPACA solves many serious challenges which are hardihoodd by the small business owners such as lack of affordable coverage, rising health insurance costs, limited choice of health plans and escalating costs of health care. Through PPACA Medicare is required to measure executing and change payments of providers on basis of make headway system in its current value based purchasing program. PPACA is highly popular as the most fundamental health care legislation since establishment of Medicaid and Medicare about 10 years ago. The act was enacted in 2010 and it was aimed at taking effect in phases in a period of 8 years and incorporates reforms like expansion of Medicaid eligibility, subsidizing of insurance premiums, providing businesses with incentives to offer health care benefits and prohibiting the insurers from denying some applicants coverage for the pre-existing conditions. It persuades states to introduce exchanges of health care where small businesses and adults who are uninsured can purchase insurance from a variety of the private insurers. One element of PPACA is promoting comparative effectiveness research. This is aimed at comparing treatment options which are available. The comparative effectiveness research (CER) involves a board which lowers overall expenditure through determining which procedures, treatments and medicines which are most ideal, their price tags and identifying those who ignore justifying identifying the evi dence based health benefits. United States tops globally in the cancer treatment and health care research by PPACA, for example. The breast cancer survival rate is very high in United States compared to other OECD nations and also U.S is among the best in survival from colorectal cancer thence ensuring high value healthcare (Kotlikoff, 2007).Rebuttal 2 The financial security prototype of health insurance Individuals financial take chances due to unanticipated illness damages companies play a great role in managing the insecurity of individuals. These companies enable individuals to plow their liability through pussing the personal insecurity and assist them through reducing chances of liner financial desolation. repayable to many risks that individuals faces on a chance(a) basis, these insurance companies have advanced over the years to get the needs of the average humane beings and have come up with diametrical products and policies which covers just about entire ris ks. These companies commonly provide financial coverage of harm that a certain person is judge to fulfill as a result of unlooked-for events and then reducing the cause of a certain event. They compensate the financial damage and people whose peril can be pooled. An individual who want to be insured is expect to pay a premium which is qualified on the fortune of the event occurring where high probabilities will lead to high premiums. In a case of health insurance the insurance is able to insure individuals through pooling the risk of illness. The health care cost is easily balance in the pool since some individuals go through life devoid of ancestral a insensate whereas others have to spend many dollars for treatment. The act of pooling the peril with other individuals is a judicious decision since no individual is able to predict what their health will be, and also how much they will have to pay in order to be treated. It is so advisable for individuals to pay for thei r individual health insurance to cancel financial challenges that whitethorn face them in case of unanticipated illness (Woolf & Aron, 2013) The escalating costs of health insurance prior to PPACA. PPACA solves many serious challenges which are face by the small business owners such as lack of affordable coverage, rising health insurance costs, limited choice of health plans and escalating costs of health care. The core benefit of PPACA is to reduce the number of the uninsured individuals and providing them with high value healthcare. It uses a mixture of subsidies, tax credits and mandates in encouraging people and corporations on buying coverage and also it protects applicants who are hard to insure including those who possess conditions which are pre-existing. Other elements of legislation will be aimed at encouraging evidence based decision making and improving healthcare practices. Before PPACA the health insurance costs were very high and still escalating year after year. T his was as a result of requiring citizens to buy mandatary health care insurance from private companies at any price they decide to charge which directly overburdening the citizens while promoting the insurance industry. This do insurance premiums to rise faster than income thus reducing the disposable income of the citizens. The number of uninsured Americans was very high where 47 million American citizens were not in a financial position to afford health insurance. President obama was against this and he launched PPACA aimed at reducing the escalating health insurance costs. He also advocated for creation of government run, federally administered health care system where people would pay individually for their health care and insurance instead of compulsory insurance which overburdened the poor. He offered subsidized government coverage making insurance affordable to many. PPACA diminish the rising costs of health insurance which resulted to change magnitude number of people w ho were insured (Hofer, Abraham, & Moscovice, 2011).Cost-sharing requirements under older health insurance regime. There was a universal insurance regime where every person was suppositional to be responsible for his or her health insurance. This regime required citizens to buy mandatory health care insurance from private companies at any price they decide to charge which directly overburdening the citizens while promoting the insurance industry. This made insurance premiums to rise faster than income thus reducing the disposable income of the citizens. The number of uninsured Americans was very high where 47 million American citizens were not in a financial position to afford health insurance. The insurance market place was not controlled by government which gave the insurance companies a chance to raise the premiums. every(prenominal) individual was required to be cover where those who did not have a cover were faced by financial fines.Non-insurance or under-insurance as result of the above This healthcare coverage approach made many people who were unable to pay the good plans to opt for the buying covers that were not instrumental to them just because they wanted to fulfill the requirement. galore(postnominal) other people were unable to purchase any cover as a result of increased premiums as a result of uncontrolled insurance marketplaces. Also, most of the people were under insured due to financial constraints. This made many people in reality to be non -insured since the covers they purchased could not be used to compensate them during an event of illness. Also those who were under insured were not able to get fully recompense in an event of illness. Therefore, this led to poor general healthcare situation for many citizens (Hoffman, 2011). PPACA places reasonable limits on financial peril due to health hazards PPACA is aimed at reducing the number of the uninsured individuals and providing them with high value healthcare. It uses a mixture of subs idies, tax credits and mandates in encouraging people and corporations on buying coverage and also it protects applicants who are hard to insure including those who possess conditions which are pre-existing. Other elements of legislation will be aimed at encouraging evidence based decision making and improving healthcare practices. Through PPACA as the acknowledgement Medicare has been successful in rewarding certain healthcare providers and punishes some providers on basis of value of care. PPACA solves many serious challenges which are faced by the small business owners such as lack of affordable coverage, rising health insurance costs, limited choice of health plans and escalating costs of health care. Through PPACA Medicare is required to measure performance and change payments of providers on basis of scoring system in its current value based purchasing program. PPACA is highly popular as the most fundamental health care legislation since establishment of Medicaid and Medicare about 10 years ago. The act was enacted in 2010 and it was aimed at taking effect in phases in a period of 8 years and incorporates reforms like expansion of Medicaid eligibility, subsidizing of insurance premiums, providing businesses with incentives to offer health care benefits and prohibiting the insurers from denying some applicants coverage for the pre-existing conditions. It persuades states to introduce exchanges of health care where small businesses and adults who are uninsured can purchase insurance from a variety of the private insurers (Hoffman, 2011). The comparative effectiveness research (CER) involves a board which lowers overall expenditure through determining which procedures, treatments and medicines which are most ideal, their price tags and identifying those who ignore justifying identifying the evidence based health benefits. United States tops globally in the cancer treatment and health care research by PPACA, for example. The breast cancer survival rate is ve ry high in United States compared to other OECD nations and also U.S is among the best in survival from colorectal cancer thus ensuring high value healthcare. One element of PPACA is promoting comparative effectiveness research. This is aimed at comparing treatment options which are available (Sade, 2012).Financial repose to the individual Insurance companies enable individuals to share their liability through pooling the personal risk and assist them through reducing chances of facing financial desolation. They play a great role in managing the risk of individuals and providing financial relief to individuals who are faced by a calamity which they had insured. These Due to many risks that individuals faces on a daily basis, these insurance companies have advanced over the years to meet the needs of the average human beings and have come up with different products and policies which covers almost entire risks. These companies normally provide financial coverage of loss that a cert ain person is expected to suffer as a result of unforeseen events thus reducing the effects of a certain event. They compensate the financial damage and people whose peril can be pooled. An individual who want to be insured is expected to pay a premium which is dependent on the probability of the event occurring where high probabilities will lead to high premiums. In a case of health insurance the insurance is able to insure individuals through pooling the risk of illness. The health care cost is easily balance in the pool since some individuals go through life devoid of catching a cold whereas others have to spend many dollars for treatment. The act of pooling the peril with other individuals is a prudent decision since no individual is able to predict what their health will be, and also how much they will have to pay in order to be treated. It is therefore advisable for individuals to pay for their individual coverage to avoid financial challenges that may face them in case of unf oreseen event.Rebuttal 3 The brute dower theory of health insurance Underwriting Insurers dissimilitude on the basis of un avertable risk factors, resulting in high insurance costs The insurance companies look at many determinants when determining the premiums to be paid by the applicant for them to be covered for a certain risk. Some applicants are supposed to pay higher premiums due to their health status, gender, race, religion, national origin, age among other factor. For instance, older adults are asked to pay higher premiums by health insurance providers than the premiums expected for young adults and kids. In this regard the insurers charge different premiums depending with groups on basis of their risk. These health coverage providers categorize their insureds into different risk pools on basis of their differences in their risk probabilities (Hoffman, 2011).PPACA prohibits above-mentioned discrimination PPACA is against these discriminatory laws and requires the coverage providers to demote this discrimination and charge the applicants fairly without considering their pre-conditions. It protects applicants who are hard to insure including those who possess conditions which are pre-existing from this discrimination. This is aimed at ensuring that no one is penalized for their propensities and genetics or for factors and events which are beyond their control (Hoffman, 2011).Financial relief to the unredeemed individual Insurance companies play a great role in managing the risk of individuals and providing financial relief to doomed individuals who are faced by a calamity which they had insured. This is because they enable individuals to share their liability through pooling the personal risk and assist them through reducing chances of facing financial desolation. As a result of many risks that individuals faces on a daily basis, these insurance companies have advanced over the years to meet the needs of the average human beings and have come up with different products and policies which covers almost entire risks. These companies normally provide financial coverage of loss that a certain person is expected to suffer as a result of unforeseen events thus reducing the effects of a certain event. They compensate the financial damage and people whose peril can be pooled. An individual who want to be insured is expected to pay a premium which is dependent on the probability of the event occurring where high probabilities will lead to high premiums. In a case of health insurance the insurance is able to insure individuals through pooling the risk of illness. The health care cost is easily balanced in the pool since some individuals go through life devoid of catching a cold whereas others have to spend many dollars for treatment. The act of pooling the peril with other individuals is a prudent decision since no individual is able to predict what their health will be, and also how much they will have to pay in order to be treated. It is therefore advisable for individuals to pay for their individual coverage to avoid financial challenges that may face them in case of unforeseen event. This is because if they are unlucky they will be provided with financial relief by their health insurance providers (Hoffman, 2011)..The insurers point of viewOpposing views & rebuttals objection 1 & rebuttalObjection Insurance companies bottom lines hurt through limitations on deductibles, co-insurance and co-payments, and hindrance on underwriting. Employee expenses on cost sharing include coinsurance, deductibles and co-payments. Insurers companies are experiencing disapproving impact due to the limitations on co-payments, coinsurance, deductable and prohibition on underwriting as they increases the risks therefore increasing the amounts paid as compensation thus reducing their returns.Rebuttal 1 Insurers losses from decreased profit margins mitigated through broadened customer base Insurers losses from trim down margins ca n be reduced by increasing their customer base. This is because insurance use the pooling of risks approach where broadened customer base will result to high returns. This is because more customers will lead to more funds in funding pool of risks while the amount paid out to the unlucky individuals as compensation will be low than the premiums paid therefore leading to increased profit margins. Also, increased broadened customer base also serves as a way of diversifying the risks.Rebuttal 2 View disproved by financial statements and simple eye market movements such(prenominal) a view which is refuted by stock market movement and financial statements should not be used and should be regarded as void. Stock movements are un predictable and an insurance company should not be laboured to compensate an unlucky individual who loses unless such a claim is validated.Objection 2 & rebuttalObjection Compulsory acceptation of predictable risks unfair burden on insurers PPAC protects the ap plicants from the insurers discrimination where the insurance companies are forced to accept foreseeable risks thus reducing the profit margins. This mandatory acceptance of these foreseeable risks will lead to increased expenses which are paid to the unlucky individuals as compensation which eventually leads to reduced returns. This act is unfair to the insurers since they should be accustomed an opportunity to consider whether to accept or reject insuring individuals with foreseeable risks. This is because increase in amounts paid for these foreseeable risks as compensations will reduce the profits margins to an extent of making losses which may lead to such companies deciding to exit the industry due to constant loss making. Rebuttal Insurers allowed to get over avoidable risks and discriminate on the basis of lifestyle choices Insurers should be allowed to discriminate based on lifestyle choices and underwrite avoidable risks. This is because the individual to be covered shoul d be responsible. The fear that individuals may have that they may not be compensated if the risk was avoidable would prevent them from making choices which are reckless thus protecting the insurance companies from paying unfair amounts as compensation. Also individuals should be responsible and they should put needed measures or efforts to ensure that the risk doesnt occur, so as not to overburden the insurance provider with expenses which are avoidable. In this regard individuals should be ready to redeem the responsibilities for the consequences of their freely made decisions.Summing up & closedown Affordable care Act also incorporates measures which are aimed at reducing healthcare spending in United States. Many American citizens are unaware that since 2010 when the Affordable care Act became into law after being signed they have been enjoying from the protections, rights and benefits of obamacare. Before this Affordable care Act many small businesses and low and middle inco me earning American citizens found it challenging to afford healthcare for their families and also for themselves. In the past the many sick people were denied health treatment or coverage with diminutive right for appealing. Insurance companies charged individuals more on basis of their health status where women were required to pay higher rates. Affordable care Act entails provisions which are aimed at solving all these challenges. The cost of health care in United States keeps rising year after year at an alarming rate. This rise in healthcare expenditure harms the country in many ways. For seniors and families, the increasing medical care cost means increased expenses making them to make hard choices regarding to rent, needed care and balanced food. For the local, state and federal governments, increasing health costs result to higher Medicaid and Medicare costs, and decreased funding on key priorities like education, public safety and infrastructure. For many years America has experienced the highest rates of obesity among the developed nations. High occurrence rates for obesity are experienced in United States kids and also in every age group subsequently. From 20 years onward the adults in America have among the highest occurrence rates of diabetes among peer nations. However, United States tops globally in the cancer treatment and health care research, for example. The breast cancer survival rate is very high in United States compared to other OECD nations and also U.S is among the best in survival from colorectal cancer thus ensuring high value healthcare. In conclusion, although obama care has been faced by many challenges however it has resulted to many benefits than costs. Before this Affordable care Act many small businesses and low and middle income earning American citizens found it challenging to afford healthcare for their families and also for themselves. In the past the many sick people were denied health treatment or coverage with diminutiv e right for appealing. Insurance companies charged individuals more on basis of their health status where women were required to pay higher rates. Affordable care Act entails provisions which are aimed at solving all these challenges. Although it have been faced by many challenges obamacare frame a good system which should not be done away with since it gives rise to clear financial benefits for all stakeholders the government, the individual and the insurance companies.ReferencesBurkhauser, R. V., & Lyons, S. (2011). The importance of the meaning and touchstone of affordable in the Affordable boot Act. Cambridge, Mass. National Bureau of Economic Research.Faria, M.A. (2012). Obama negociate another(prenominal) step toward corporate socialized medicine in the US. Surgical Neurology International, Jan. 2012, 386+.Gray, B. J., & Sullivan, K. C. (2011). provide in the Patient Protection and Affordable negociate Act (PPACA). New York Nova apprehension Publishers, Inc.Hodge JG., Ar ias J., and Ordell, R. (2011). Nationalizing Health Care meliorate in a Federalist System. 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