Is Weight Supression Driving Your Binge Eating

Is Weight Supression Driving Your Binge Eating Eating Disorders Symptoms Print Is Weight Suppression Driving Your Binge Eating? By Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS facebook twitter linkedin Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, is a certified eating disorders expert and clinical psychologist who provides cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. Learn about our editorial policy Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 03, 2018 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on May 12, 2019 Jose Luis Pelaez Inc., Blend Images, Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Symptoms Treatment Diagnosis Awareness and Prevention If you have bulimia nervosa, did you know that being at a weight that is too low for your body could be a problem and that it could be driving your binge eating and other behaviors? Many people are aware that patients with anorexia nervosa need to gain weight in order to recover, but few people are aware that this could also apply to patients with bulimia nervosa. This article will discuss research on the role of previous and current weight on the development and maintenance of bulimia nervosa. What Is Weight Suppression and Why Is It a Problem? Weight suppression is the difference between one’s highest adult body weight and one’s current weight. It can also be thought of as the amount of weight one has lost from a previous high weight, usually in response to dieting. Human bodies are meant to be a variety of shapes and sizes. When a person who is genetically programmed to be in a larger body tries to reduce his or her size to smaller than intended by genetics, binge eating may be the body’s natural defense to avoid death by starvation and return the body to a healthier size for that body. Weight loss, even among healthy people, decreases metabolism and the amount of energy the body burns. It also seems to increase appetite. The hormone leptin, which sends satiety signals to the brain, is believed to play a role in this process. Studies indicate that individuals with high weight suppression appear to have reduced levels of leptin. For these reasons, there is a strong biological predisposition to regain lost weight. Early Research In 1979, Gerald Russell published the seminal paper that first described bulimia nervosa as a variant of anorexia nervosa. In this paper, he noted that weight suppression seemed to play a role in the development of bulimia nervosa. He described these patients as trying to drive their weight below a healthy body weight and, as a result, starting to binge and purge. In Russell’s initial study of 30 patients with bulimia nervosa, 17 had previously met full criteria for anorexia nervosa, including the low weight. Another seven patients had also lost weight but not enough to fit the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa. Every patient but one had experienced at least some weight loss prior to the onset of bulimia nervosa. Despite this early account, prior to the last 10 years, there was not much research on weight suppression. In the last several years, researchers under the direction of Dr.  Michael Lowe, a professor of psychology at Drexel University, have begun to study the impact of current and past weights on eating disorders. Although still in its early stage, this research is helping us to better understand the dangers of weight suppression. Recent Research Research indicates that prior to the onset of their illness, patients with bulimia nervosa often start out at a higher body weight than those with anorexia. As the eating disorder develops, patients with bulimia nervosa seem to lose a significant amount of weight. By the time they present for treatment, they are generally within what is considered a “normal” weight rangeâ€"but crucially, they tend to be well below their highest adult weights. One study measuring the average degree of weight suppression in patients with bulimia found the average amount of weight suppressed was approximately 30 pounds. Greater weight suppression appears to be associated with more bulimic symptoms and a longer length of illness. Greater weight suppression also predicts weight gain in patients with bulimia nervosa both during and after treatment. The role of weight suppression is important because it illustrates that bulimia nervosa is not merely caused by psychological factors, but that there are also complex biological factors at play. Patients with weight suppression and bulimia nervosa who are preoccupied with achieving a lower weight appear to be stuck in a bio-behavioral bind. Weight suppression makes patients with bulimia nervosa more prone to weight gainâ€"but the preoccupation with being thin makes this weight gain highly threatening. Researchers do not yet fully understand the specific factors that make weight suppression problematic. For example, they do not know whether as little as five pounds of weight suppression is problematic, or whether only larger amounts of weight suppression are an issue. They also do not know whether the effects of weight suppression are greater if someone was at a higher weight for a longer  period of time or whether their weight has been suppressed for a longer time. These are among the answers that researchers studying weight suppression hope to be able to answer. What Does This Mean for Patients With Bulimia Nervosa? Juarascio and colleagues (2017) suggest that some patients who are not successfully treated by a course of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for bulimia nervosa might improve their recovery by gaining weight. It appears that weight gain could reduce the urge to binge and purge. They recommend that clinicians routinely and thoroughly check to see if a patient is currently below their highest weight, and by how much. They also recommend that patients with significant weight suppression and those who gain weight during the initiation of regular eating should receive additional education about the impact of weight suppression on symptoms of bulimia nervosa. They suggest that clinicians educate patients about the fact that over time, dieting very rarely leads to sustained weight loss and often leads to weight gain. Successful treatment for your eating disorder may mean reaching and living at a weight higher than you want. Our genetic body size and shape determines what is healthy and normal. You can be healthy, feel good in and about your body, and enjoy normal eating without forcing your body to fit into a shape that isnt yours.   Self-acceptance can be hard psychological work, but therapists and dietitians who work with patients with eating disorders can help. Keep in mind that the alternative to acceptance may be to continue to binge and purge. Over time, this may, in turn, lead to greater weight gain. Insurers, in their efforts at cost-containment, may cut off treatment prematurely before a patient reaches a weight that is adequate to sustain recovery. You may need to advocate for more treatment for yourself or a loved one. How to Know If Your Weight Is Suppressed Some questions to consider: Is your weight lower than your highest adult weight?Are you preoccupied with thoughts about food?Do you experience episodes of eating in which you eat unusually large amounts of food in a short period of time and feel out of control while doing so?Do you eat impulsivelyâ€"when you haven’t planned toâ€"or engage in emotional eating? If more than one of the above is true, consider seeking help and gaining weight. Getting to a weight that is biologically determined healthy for you, regardless of where that number is on population norms, is usually the healthiest. We do not yet have enough research to know whether you would need to go back to your highest weight, or whether regaining some of the suppressed weight may be sufficient. You may find that weight gain will relieve some preoccupation with food, reduce symptoms of bulimia nervosa, and generally improve the quality of your life. You may also discover that the negative consequences of weight gain that you fear do not materialize. When weight is not suppressed you can more fully enjoy eating a variety of foods without obsessive worry and live life more fully. You can go out for dinner and enjoy a drink, indulge in a cupcake for a coworker’s birthday, and travel to a different region and experience the local cuisine all without accompanying anxiety.

Examination of Characters in Katherine Anne Porters...

Examination of Characters in Katherine Anne Porters Short Story He Katherine Anne Porters moving and stylistically cohesive short story He contains much worth discussing. The storys characters are quite memorable and provide for interesting character studies; in addition, the plot and themes of the story are also noteworthy. The most elaborately detailed character is Mrs. Whipple. She is the dominating member of the Whipple family; despite her belief in mens work as opposed to womens, she seems to have a great deal of say in family decisions. Mrs. Whipple is extremely concerned with status and appearances -- indeed, overly so. This preoccupation of hers is prominent throughout the story, from beginning to end. She†¦show more content†¦It seems as though the Whipples take advantage of their sons retardation. They never speak directly to Him, and refer to their son only as He and Him; thus, we never learn His name. They also take advantage of the fact that He seems indifferent to pain or cold, so they give His blankets to the other children, and give Him tasks the other children seem to have sense enough not to do. By the end of the story, we learn that He might not be as dumb as He appears. Nevertheless, we know that Mrs. Whipple does love her son (as well as her other children). She cons tantly talks about Him, and her intense outpouring of emotion at the end of the story supports the fact that she loves Him and indicates she feels some grief about the situation. She knows that there was nothing she could do to make up to Him for His life, and we feel the Whipples have made the right decision to put Him in the knows that there was nothing she could do to make up to Him for His life, and we feel the Whipples have made the right decision to put Him in the County Hospital. Unfortunately for the Whipple family, another defining characteristic of Mrs. Whipple is that she drowns herself in self-pity. She seems to consider many things a mortal pity and once even complains to her husband, I wish I were dead! Of course, she would never say this to the neighbors, for appearances sake. Mr. Whipple is the sensible one in the family. He isShow MoreRelatedANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesï » ¿TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS The purpose of Text Interpretation and Analysis is a literary and linguistic commentary in which the reader explains what the text reveals under close examination. Any literary work is unique. It is created by the author in accordance with his vision and is permeated with his idea of the world. The reader’s interpretation is also highly individual and depends to a great extent on his knowledge and personal experience. That’s why one cannot lay down a fixed â€Å"model†Read MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesAirlines CASE STUDY II-3 Norfolk Southern Railway: The Business Intelligence Journey CASE STUDY II-4 Mining Data to Increase State Tax Revenues in California CASE STUDY II-5 The Cliptomaniaâ„ ¢ Web Store: An E-Tailing Start-up Survival Story CASE STUDY II-6 Rock Island Chocolate Company, Inc.: Building a Social Networking Strategy CASE STUDY III-1 Managing a Systems Development Project at Consumer and Industrial Products, Inc. CASE STUDY III-2 A Make-or-Buy Decision

The 30-Second Trick for Consumerism Essay Topics

The 30-Second Trick for Consumerism Essay Topics The Hidden Truth About Consumerism Essay Topics All you will need is the proper topic. Fashion not only includes clothing, but in addition any object where there's a concern for what's different, new and improved and which enables us to express our individuality. Consumption, naturally, is required for capitalism to do the job. Consumerism and the adoption of market-driven financial models are phenomena which are altering the world quickly. The growth of the super market Giant Tesco is credited to the growth of consumerism in the united kingdom supermarket culture. Consumerism destroys families and societal relationships. Global consumerism is a consequence of globalization, which reduces the quantity of borders in our world. Remember that the format for writing essays on ethical consumerism resembles the one that's been discussed in the past sections. Something which makes literature, fiction and nonfiction interesting is that it's usually open ended. Your reader will have the ability to tell too. For those readers, it's important to reveal the rhetorical facets of this issue and analyze them from various angles. There are invariably a wide selection of opinions on the topic of technology, and here are our favourite things to consider on the subject. Every time a human being sees that an item is well-known, she's going to purchase it as well. There are a lot of things to argue when it has to do with the law. Literature is also regarded as an interesting portion of the topic. however, it isn't o popular since most students aren't able to fathom the criticality of the exact same. Essay Help Online experts indicate that the students should read on a wide selection of subjects, which would enable them to learn unique forms of arguments. Education scholars are continuously evolving the way that they think about how we learn and what's taught. Advertising is getting an inherent portion of mass distribution within industries. How to Choose Consumerism Essay Topics The essay demands proficient handling and expert strategy. Proposal essays are typical in company and science classes and professions, but are also handy for a range of distinct disciplines. In other words, a proposal essay identifies an issue and suggests a remedy to that issue. Writing a rhetorical essay needs a high level of literacy and the capability to analyze using language. If you wish to develop the fantastic essay on microeconomics topics all on your own, the very first place you should search is the internet. Because such resources exist just in finite quantities, control over them is able to lead to conflict. Choosing excellent essay topics for middle school must be a careful procedure, where a balance needs to be struck between topics that could be too simplistic, more ideal for the main school, and choosing argumentative essay topics that could be too intricate or controversial. You should have accessibility to proper resources which will enable you to compose the essay with suitable sense and structure. Consumerism isn't a functional exchange of money for those goods for the interest of its utility, and an exchange symbolical. American Consumerism isn't only causing more debts, but it's also causing a sharp decline in saving. Innovate your own ideas to create the essay more delight full and potent. Though it may be written for different purposes a writer needs to be creative, analytical and should be able to organize his thoughts in a clear and crisp manner. You must keep in mind 5 tips that would allow you to produce the best essay. Persuasive or argumentative essays are intended to convince the audience of ones viewpoint about a specific topic.

Mass Media Today Free Essays

string(49) " amounts to the average level of previous years\." Reporting the privacy of celebrities 2. Is it better to report more good/positive news or news about disasters or accidents in the media? 3. Should media serve the public or the government? 4. We will write a custom essay sample on Mass Media Today or any similar topic only for you Order Now Advertisement exert more positive impact or negative ones? 5. Which media method(s) should be highly expanded? Why? 6. Besides the common media methods, what new approaches can you suggest? Mass Media Today Transient transparent THE ROLE OF MASS MEDIA The term mass media refers to the channels of communication (media) that exist to reach a large public audience (the mass of the population).Mass media includes newspapers, magazines, television, radio, and more recently, the Internet. It (informs people about events that they would otherwise know little about. Mass media communication is usually rapid, because the media will report an important event as quickly as possible after it happens. In fact, some television reporting is live /laiv/ ; that is, the viewers can see the events as they happen. (It is also transient; that is, the focus on one event doesn’t last long. This is captured in the expression â€Å"there is nothing as old as yesterday’s news. † How to define:Lower-carbon release refers to †¦the emission with a lowered level of carbon carbon –dioxide. Lower-carbon release means that the emission is of a lowered level of carbon carbon –dioxide. Lower-carbon release stands for the emission with a lowered level of carbon monoxide or carbon –dioxide. Friendship refers to mutual understanding, assisting, encouraging and sharing. Selfishness Selflessness stands for sharing, giving and tolerating. Protecting the celebrities’ privacy means not to publicize their personal affairs without permission. Include ( a way of raising examplesInclude v ((Exclude v. Including prep. ( like , such as, for instance/example Inclusive adj. +ly Exclusive adj. +lyextraordinary, outstanding, only Inform sb. Of/about sth. =tell sb. Sth. The weather forecast reported /informed people of /about the possibility of a sand storm. The earthquake institute did not inform people in YUSHU about the possibility of the disaster. The government, through the media, informs the public/mass about the updated laws, decrees and regulations. The government informs the public/mass about the updated laws, decrees and regulations by/via the media. People adopt a variety of approaches to dispose the wastes in order to protect the environment. People, in order to protect the environment, adopt a variety of approaches to dispose the wastes. In order to protect the environment, people adopt a variety of approaches to dispose the wastes. Focus (v. ) on — the center/concentrate on The Chinese Football Administration is focusing on eradicating the corruption in this field. The focus of the public discussion is how to improve people’s living standard with the increase of the comprehensive national competence.The focus of public discussion has moved from lowering tax to how to shorten the As (adj. /adv. )†¦ as†¦ Adj. /adv /†¦ TIMES as much as†¦ The rate of China’s economic development in 2009 is THREE TIMES as much as that of 1979. The rate of China’s economic development is same as much as that of USA. difference between the poor and rich. Be exposed to sth. With the exposure to†¦sth. With the exposure to the sun, the skin is easy to get brown. The skin is easy to get bronze when it is exposed to the sun. With the exposure to the media, the celebrities are more likely to feel the loss of security.The celebrities are more likely to feel the loss of security when they are exposed to the media. With the exposure to the son without the protection of ozone layer, the temperature of the earth is easy to grow considerably. (? /? ) The population of China reached the summit of 1. 3 billion. The population of India peaked at 1. 6 billion. The population of India arrived at the peak of 1. 6 billion. The population of India hit the peak at 1. 6 billion in 2009, and then declined dramatically. The population of India remained/maintained at the plateau of 1. billion. The mass media is an important part of life in the United States and most Americans are exposed to the media daily in the Ell in of print, sound waves, and pictures. Over 55 million newspapers are circulated each day. There are over five radios per household, and it is estimated that radio reaches 77 percent of people over the age of 12 every day. The radio listening time for those over 12 is more than three hours each day. Most households also have two or more television sets, with a total viewing time of about seven hours per day.The amount of time that people spend in front of their television sets varies with age, gender, and education, but on average it amounts to three to four hours a day. The amount of the exhausted gas of the new type should be limited within 1. 4L. The birth rate of infants amounts to 12 percent. 1. Expose sth. To sb. /sth. ’ 2. Sth. Be exposed to sth’. /sb. 3. With the exposure to sth. ’, Sth†¦. . It is easier for people to turn brown when they expose their faces to the sunlight straightly. It is easier for people to turn brown when their faces are exposed to the sunlight straightly.With the exposure to the sunlight straightly, people’s faces are easier to get/turn brown. Circle n. Circulate v. ==recycle/reuse/reapply We should try/strike to circulate different resources including paper, water, cloth and so forth. We can circulate water by cleaning vegetables, clearing mops and washing toilet/sanitary. We have a variety of methods/measures to save energy, such as circulating water and recycling wastes. Household family/sth. About family Eg. Not only should housewives do household chores but also their husbands should be of some help. Vary==differ/be different from†¦ v.Vary with†¦. Eg. People’s clothes styles vary with their ages, weather, nationalities and fashions. Students’ decisions vary with their own interests, their parents’ preferences and their destination countries. Amount==quantity n. Amount to==reach v. The amount of yearly income of an employee in China amounts to over 10,000 US dollars. The amount of rainfall in southwest China amounts to the average level of previous years. You read "Mass Media Today" in category "Papers" While most of us make use of some form of the media on a daily basis, we may not think about the functions or purposes the media serves in our society.One important function is entertainment. On television, in particular, the variety of entertainment programs is extensive, ranging from soap operas, to comedy, to talk shows, to sports. Even advertising, where the main purpose is to sell things to the public, may sometimes be seen as entertainment. Make use of sth. / (make full/sufficient use of sth. We have to make full use of time for better score. We have to make full use of people’s cooperation to overcome the difficulties. On a daily/week basis/ ==every day/week E. g. : We do volunteer work in the nurse house on a week basis.Sufficient preview and review are encouraged on a daily basis. We have 24 hours of teaching on a weekly basis. We have 600 hours of teaching on a term basis. Function==role Play an important function/role in †¦. Serve an important function Inventions play an important function in enhancing ( pushing forward) the society. Circulating the energy can play a function in preserving environment. Purpose == aim /goal/target On purpose=deliberately The defending party offended on purpose. We have to shed light on the purpose of studying abroad. In particular =particularlyParticular=special =unique==distinctive Particularly =especially=uniquely the variety of entertainment programs is extensive, ranging from soap operas, to comedy, to talk shows, to sports. Even advertising, where the main purpose is to sell things to the public, may sometimes be seen as entertainment. the variety of high-tech products is extensive, ranging from cell phones, to televisions, to computers, to electric appliances. Even televisions, where the main purpose is to entertain the public/audience, may sometimes be seen as a symbol of the advancement of technology.The variety of physical exercises is extensive, ranging from walking, to jogging, to swimming, to playing basketball. Even walking, where the main purpose is to help people to digest, may sometimes be seen as one of the mot important ways of exercising. The variety of interests is extensive, ranging from reading novels, to listening to the music, to watching movies, to playing sports and to sleeping. Even sleeping , where the main purpose is to help people to rest, may sometimes be seen as one of the mot important ways of relaxing. Media plays various and distinctive functions in social life. One important function can be entertainment. x3 Another role/function seems to be education. x3 A further function of the mass media appears to be that of socialization x3 Another function is education. A quick look through a television or radio guide will reveal many programs with an educational focus. These include documentaries on a wide range of topics such as animal behavior, geography, history, or art. They also include a wide variety of instructional programs such as cooking, home decorating, or investing.Some children’s programs are also educational, teaching children to count or recognize words, or introducing them to different societies and cultures. TV programs: documentary, drama, tragedy, comedy, talk show, catastrophe, fiction, love, action/marshal / A wide range of sth. —a great/wide variety of sth. = a wide assortment of sth. = all sorts/kinds of †¦ Pre-caution—measures taken before the occurrence Protection Prevent Approach v. Intermittent ( internal The media can provide important community information in the form of warnings. For example, the media can warn of the danger of an approaching /coming hurricane or tornado.These warnings provide up-to-the-minute/update/latest information on the location of the bad weather and alert people to take the necessary precautions. Without such warnings there would be a greater danger of loss of life and property. Warnings may also be given for other hazards such as air or water pollution. Periodically/ intermittently , the media raises questions about water quality, suggesting that the water we drink is not safe. How much these water scares are motivated/encouraged/ pushed ahead by commercial interests is unknown. However, bottled water is a 2-billion-dollar business and growing.In the form of Please submit your application in a written form. Warn sb. Of sth. The broadcast warned people of the earthquake before it occurred. Approach (method, way, measure ( move, come (to get close to Up-to-date Out-of-date up-to-the-minute alert—awaken Take the necessary precautions Take effective actions to do sth. Take effective precautions against sth. ** Danger/disaster /hazard/catastrophe/ n. Catastrophic =dangerous=disastrous adj. bottled water(canned food(canned beverage(bowled noodle plated rice instant noodle-instant coffee in addition to + n. ==besides, besides vs . xcept/except for In addition to[=besides] industry, real estate is of great importance as well. Except for me, nobody is able to fulfill the task. Shape v. to develop sb. In the form of †¦ Teenagers are encouraged to shape both their beliefs and behaviors currently. Develop into †¦ A man should shape their brevity so as to become the supporting strength. Socialize sb. Into†¦ I tend to socialize myself into a well-behaved, better-educated and brilliantly-dressed gentleman. Deliberately—on purpose That car deliberately ran over the grassland. Propaganda/ propagandize Amazing—fantastic –crazy Alien—of a foreign †¦Alienation In response to†¦ == as a reaction to sth. /sb. China promised to reduce her emission of carbon dioxide by 40 percent by 2020 in response to UN’s appeal. Circumstance==condition=situation It is really difficult to realize conducting electricity under the circumstance of super low temperature. In addition to these functions, the media has an important role in shaping our beliefs. Sometimes information contained in the media is deliberately presented in such a way that it encourages us to believe certain things or to form certain opinions. This practice is referred to as propaganda.When we think of propaganda, we usually think of political forces, but commercial interests may also use the media to propagandize. Advertisements, for example, encourage us to believe that certain products will change our lives in amazing ways. The media can also influence what we believe is possible. For example, 43 percent of American adults believe that UFOs (Unidentified Flying Objects) may be space vehicles from another planet, and most Americans think that alien visitors would be like E. T. from the movie by Steven Spielberg. TV and movies are likely to be responsible for these views (Miller 1987).A further function of the mass media is that of socialization. This is 7 the process by which a society transmits cultural values about what is appropriate behavior to its members. People may be socialized into behaving in certain ways in response to a personal problem, because they have frequently seen others on the news or in soap operas behaving that way in similar circumstances. Finally, for some people the media offers companionship/friendship. Television personalities and talk show hosts may be seen as â€Å"friends† by their viewers, particularly if those viewers are socially isolated, aged or invalid, and in need of companionship.Host/hostess Waiter/waitress Preside v. –gt;presider Isolate ==separate==segregate Isolation=separation=segregation The range of functions or purposes of the media in society are8 many and varied, and the influence on our lives is considerable. The media influences how we spend our time and our money, what we get to see and hear about, and the way we understand those events. It helps to shape our beliefs, our opinions and our behaviors. Chinese government spent five years in preparing to host the O. G. China spent five years on this item. The government spent 5 billion building this bridge.Occasional==unplanned Regular==planned Devote †¦ to Contribute †¦ to Dedicate †¦ to We should devote, contribute and dedicate ourselves to our commitments. Commitment = responsibility and obligation Commercial==business=merchant What’s on commercial television? The content of commercial television tends to follow a pattern. Early morning programs consist of news, interviews, and occasional movie reviews. Mid-morning programs usually include more talk shows, with some exercise and re-run shows. The early afternoon is devoted to â€Å"soaps,† while late afternoon programming is mainly re-runs of old programs. There is evening news, and then from 8 p. m. to 11 p. m. is prime-time television with movies, situation comedies, and specials. There is usually late news followed by late-night talk shows, entertainment shows and movie re-runs. Scattered throughout the week are televised sporting events. The expansion/extension of television stations through public broadcast, satellite and cable means that there are now many stations that specialize in particular kinds of programs. ———————– A Refers to B A Stands for†¦B A Means†¦B A Is†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦B A can be understood/viewed/seen/perceived/interpreted as B How to cite Mass Media Today, Papers

kenny Essays - Baseball Pitching, Batting, Baseball Rules, Baseball

Baseball Story Baseball has been providing us with fun and excitement for more than a hundred and fifty years. The first game resembling baseball as we know it today was played in Hoboken ,New Jersey, on June 19, 1846. The New York Nine beat the New York Knickerbokers that day, 23-1. The game was played according to rules drawn up by Alexander J. Cartwright. A surveyer and amateur athlete. It is a myth that Abner Doubleday1 invented baseball. It was Alexander Cartwright, not Abner Doubleday, who first laid out the present dimensions of the playing field and established the basic rules of the game. The first Professional baseball team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings, who toured the country in 1869 and didn't lose a game all year. Baseball began to attract so many fans that in 1876 the National league was organized-the same National league that still exists today. Although the game was played in 1876 it was recognizable as baseball-nobody would confuse it with football or basketball-it was quite a bit different from baseball as we know it now. For example, pitchers had to throw underhand, the way they still do in softball;the batter could request the pitcher to throw a "high" or "low" pitch; it took nine balls, rather than four, for a batter to get a base on balls; and the pitching distance was olny 45 feet to home plate. The rules were gradually changed over the following 20 years, until by about 1900 the game was more or less the same as it is today.

ACT On My Own

Should I Hire A Tutor Or Study For The SAT/ACT On My Own SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Your number two pencils are sharpened; you have functioning erasers at the ready and tissues for when you can’t stop the tears. That’s right. You’re gearing up to study for the SAT/ACT. Except†¦how do you actually go about studying for the SAT/ACT? Do you need a tutor, or can you just do it on your own? We cover this topic pretty thoroughly in our free booklets on comparing methods of test prep for the SAT and ACT, so this article will just give you a brief rundown of when it’s worth it to hire a tutor. feature image credit: Lady Mary Fairfax with her Tutor, 1647 by Lisby, used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped from original. In general, if you want to succeed on the SAT or ACT, you must have all of the following five components. 1. Motivation and Accountability Finding the motivation to study for the SAT/ACT can be...problematic. I mean, your score doesn’t directly impact your high school education (unless your school uses it for something), and test prep isn’t as interesting as Youtube. If you aren’t motivated, you won’t make progress in your test prep. A vague reason that you just give lip service to, like â€Å"I know I probably need to study so I can get a good enough score get into the school I want,† won’t do you any good. You need reasons to study that will actually motivate you. Because it’s the strength of the motivation that matters, not the loftiness of the reason, â€Å"I want to beat my older sibling’s score on the SAT† is just as valid a motivator for test prep as â€Å"I want to do well on the SAT so I’m guaranteed a scholarship to a state school.† Accountability may play a role in your motivation, if you find that you are most motivated to succeed if you have people counting on you who you don’t want to disappoint. Maybe you’ll care if a friend or a sibling shames you for not doing work like you said you would (not that I speak from experience), or if your parents are disappointed in you for failing to improve your test scores (as long as this is also something YOU care about). Bottom line: you need to find a source (or multiple sources) of motivation that work(s) for YOU. IF you have problems finding the motivation to study on your own, without anyone holding you accountable for studying, THEN a tutor may be helpful for you. 2. Strong Study Plan Students who succeed on the SAT/ACT go into prep with a structured study plan. When you’re just studying on your own, it can be hard to stay organized in your studying. The first step to forming a high-level study plan is to know where you currently stand and where you want to be on test day. Take a timed practice test under realistic conditions to get a sense of how you are scoring now. Next, what is your target score? We have two articles about this, one for the SAT and one for the ACT, but to summarize: List the schools you want to apply to Search online to find their average SAT/ACT scores Take the average of all the averages to get your target test score. Once you know your current score and your target test score, you will have a better idea of what it's going to take to get there. A structured study plan will be able to answer all of the following questions. When am I taking the SAT/ACT? How long do I have to prepare before test day? How many hours will I study each week? What material do I need to cover? What resources will I use? Should I use books or a complete prep program? When do I take practice tests? How will I know how to adjust my plan according to my progress? I'm going to use a fictional student named Aaron to answer these questions. Aaron recently took a practice SAT and scored a 1000 and has six months to reach his target score of 1250. He and his tutor have assessed his weak areas and discovered that Aaron has serious content weaknesses across all of SAT Math and some smaller issues with the Critical Reading and Writing sections. Aaron's study plan looks something like this: Months 1-3: 1 hour every other week with tutor, 3 hours a week otherwise focusing on weaknesses in SAT Math. Practice tests every three weeks. Months 4-5: 1 hour every other week with tutor, 6-7 hours a week outside of tutoring sessions drilling weaknesses in Math, Critical Reading, and Writing and reviewing missed questions, using books and materials hand-selected by the tutor; practice tests every other week. Month 6: 1 hour every other week with tutor, 9-10 hours a week outside of tutoring sessions working on remaining weaknesses that the tutor has identified by drilling with actual practice questions, practicing reading comprehension by finding interesting articles in the New York Times and analyzing them; practice tests every week, increasing in frequency as the test draws nigh. Because Aaron sticks to his study plan, he bumps his Math score from 400 to 630 and his overall SAT score from 1000 to 1260, meeting his target goal. If he had not had this study plan, even if he had gotten focused help on the Math section a month before the test, it's unlikely that he would have been able to improve as much as he did, both in Math and across the board. So IF you have problems structuring your study time, THEN a tutor may be helpful for you. 3. Excellent StudyResources Being motivated with a plan won’t do you any good if you don’t have good resources for your test prep. It is extremely important to use actual SAT/ACT practice tests when you study, not other test prep company’s materials, since only the questions that will test you in the same way the real test does are...questions from an official test. Luckily, there are a bunch of free practice tests available online for the SAT and the ACT. What if there’s a topic you just don’t understand? Let’s make up an example and say I never really understood probability in class, but somehow managed to fake my way through it. Suddenly, I’m faced with the SAT or ACT, which questions you on probability in really weird ways. To address this, I could try going through back through notes or borrowing old textbooks, prep material from other people. But what if I don’t have any good notes or materials to begin with? Not only this, textbooks and class notes aren't the best way to prep for the tests since they're so different. What if I’m not good at teaching material to myself? My best bet would be to find a tutor who has a good reputation for teaching SAT Math, and get focused instruction on improving my knowledge of probability. IFyou don't know what the best resources available to target your weaknesses are, THEN you would definitely benefit from time with the right tutor. 4. Effective Way To Learn From Your Mistakes One of the mistakes many people have when they study for the SAT/ACT is failing to thoroughly review the questions they miss. A thorough review involves more than a halfhearted â€Å"Oh, I see. I got this wrong because I was careless.† In order for going over your errors to actually help you, you need to dig deep into why exactly you missed the question. Where were you careless? Did you make the mistake because you were rushing? If so, why were you low on time? What are concrete ways you can avoid making this mistake in the future? If you’re thinking that you’d love to read an entire article about the best way to review your mistakes, then you are in luck. IF you have trouble going over your mistakes and figuring out what in particular you did wrong (and concrete ways to avoid it in the future), THEN hiring a high quality tutor will be helpful. Bourgai Sadia by sebastien Delcoigne, used under CC BY-SA 2.0/Cropped from original. Don’t speed past your mistakes. 5. Ability To Measure Progress In order to successfully prepare for the SAT/ACT, you need a way to measure your progress as you study, and be able to adapt your study plan accordingly. This is the area I have the most trouble in – it’s tempting to keep doing the same things over and over, but after a certain point those things may no longer be helping you boost your score. So how do you measure progress? When beginning your test prep, you should take a timed, full-length practice test and score it; alternatively, if you've already taken the test once recently, you can use that as your starting point. As you proceed through your test prep, continue to take timed practice tests at regular intervals, spaced according to how much time you have to study. For instance, if you're preparing for the SAT over the course of two months, start out by taking a practice test at the end of each week of prep for the first month. Why is taking timed practice tests so important to your test prep? It's the only way, short of taking the actual SAT or ACT, to see how you're doing under realistic conditions. If you don’t know if you’re doing better than before on the test, it's impossible to know if your studying is effective...or if you're just wasting your time. By periodically checking your score on practice tests, you'll be able to see if you are improving, and if you need to be improving more quickly to meet your goals (or if you're doing just fine). Let's extend the example of a student who takes four practice tests in the first month of her studying. He started out with an ACT composite score of 24, and his goal is to improve to a 30; however, after a month of studying a couple of hours a week, his practice test composite is holding steady at 26. If this student wants to meet his goal, he's going to need to adapt his studying method. In this case, a tutor would be helpful because she would be able to identify the ways in which the student should adapt his studying method to reach his target score, whether this is by increasing the amount of time he studies or changing the specifics of how he reviews questions he's messed up on. IF you’re not really sure how to measure your progress, or how you can adapt your test prep as you improve, THEN you might find a tutor helpful. No Sweat, I’ve Got This Without A Tutor If you are confident that you take care of the following on your own: Motivation and Accountability: You have a reason or multiple reasons to study that are actually important to you. Strong Study Plan: You know your target score and the amount of time you have to study and are able to use that to plan out your test prep in a schedule that you can stick to. Good Resources: You have the right material to study, or you have the ability to aquire it. Effective Ways to Learn From Your Mistakes: You are expert at picking apart your mistakes, seeing exactly where you went wrong, and finding solutions to avoid these mistakes in the future. Ability to Measure Progress: You know what your starting point is and that you need to take timed practice tests along the way as yardsticks against which to asses your progress. ...then absolutely go for it - you don't need a tutor to do well, or even get a perfect score, on the SAT or ACT. As I can personally attest, working smart and working hard will get you most places when it comes to test prep. Storytime: When I was a senior in college, I was under the impression that I might want to go to grad school for psychology, and so I knew I had to take the GRE Psychology Subject Test. I didn't have the funds or time for a tutor, and there wasn't really a test prep course out there that I knew of. Instead, I studied with a friend for about an hour a day, every day, for the six weeks leading up to the test. We both scored exceptionally well, and my friend is in the process of earning her doctorate in psychology. So I don't want to suggest that you MUST have a tutor to do well on the SAT/ACT. But if you feel like you need help on one of the above key components, you should consider it. Uh Oh†¦I’m Not So Sure I Can Do This On My Own If you’re worried about even one of those 5 areas, however, you might want to consider getting yourself some assistance to maximize your score. The more areas you struggle with, the more a high quality tutor will help. On the other hand, if you’re not entirely sure that you want to go with a tutor, a test prep program, like PrepScholar’s automated drilling platform, is a good compromise. You get motivation, a pesonalized study plan that focuses on your weaknesses, materials, and a way to measure progress, but pay less and miss out on the one-on-one attention. What’s Next? Wait, what is it that tutors actually do during SAT/ACT tutoring, anyway? I’ve got the answer for you! Sounds good so far, but should I be doing online tutoring? Find out here. How do you find the right tutor for you? Reading this article is a good start (although since I wrote it, I might be a little bit biased). Want to get serious about improving your SAT/ACT score? Our tutoring service is designed to be the most effective in the nation. We hire the best tutors from across the country. This is then paired with our exclusiveonline drillingprogramthat gives your tutor complete insight into your progress to design the most effective sessions. Think about what improving 160 points on your SAT, or 4 points on your ACT, can do for you. Learn more about tutoring now:

SAT Standard Deviation What Does It Mean for You

SAT Standard Deviation What Does It Mean for You SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you've ever glanced through any of the year-end College Board data reports, you may have seen information about the SAT standard deviation. Unfortunately, the reports just list the numbers and then move on, without explaining at all what these numbers mean. So how is info about the SAT mean and standard deviation useful to you? In this article, we’ll explain what the term standard deviation refers to and what it means for you and your SAT score. Feature image credit: Bell Curve by Abhijit Bhaduri/Flickr Bonus: Looking for the very best guides to every SAT section? Check out our top guides for every single section of the SAT. Choose the score level you're aiming for: 800 Score Guides: SAT Reading | SAT Writing | SAT Math | SAT Essay Choose these guides if you're scoring a 600 or above on a section, and you want to get the highest SAT score possible. 600 Score Guides: SAT Reading | SAT Writing | SAT Math | SAT Essay Choose these guides if you're scoring below a 600 on a section, and you want to boost your score to at least a 600 level. These are the very best guides available on boosting your SAT score, section by section. They're written by Harvard grads and perfect SAT scorers. Don't disappoint yourself - read these guides and improve your score today. What Is the SAT Standard Deviation? The standard deviation of a set of numbers measures variability. Standard deviation tells you, on average, how far off most people's scores were from the average (or mean) score. The SAT standard deviation is195 points, which means that most people scored within 195 points of the mean score on either side (either above or below it). SAT standard deviation is calculated so that 68% of students score within one standard deviation of the mean, 95% of students score within two standard deviations of the mean, and 99+% of students score within three standard deviations of the mean. If the standard deviation of a set of scores is low, that means most students get close to the average score (in this case, 1060). This is pretty clearly not the case with the SAT, because otherwise schools that boast 1300+ average SAT scores for admitted students would have no students. By contrast, if the standard deviation is high, then there’s more variability and more students score farther away from the mean. Based on the most recent data released for the SAT, the standard deviation is relatively high, meaning that there is quite a bit of variability in how students score on the SAT. Below, we’ve created a table with the data about the SAT mean and standard deviation for each section of the test, as well as the mean and standard deviation for total SAT scores. SAT Participation and Performance Mean Standard Deviation Total 1060 195 EBRW 533 100 Math 527 107 Note: this table only includes data drawn from the most recent test scores of 2017 high school graduates. Hardeep Singh/Flickr What Does the SAT Bell Curve Look Like? The bell curve for SAT scores is pretty close to an ideal normal curve. Since the average score is higher than the midpoint of the range (1060 instead of 1000), it's a little shifted over to the right, but otherwise the SAT bell curve is a regular bell shape. Because the SAT standard deviation for total SAT scores is 195 and the mean is 1060, we can do a little quick math to figure out the score ranges for the first, second, and third standard deviation. % of SAT scores in range Total Score Range EBRW Range Math Range 68% 865-1255 433-633 420-634 95% 670-1450 333-733 313-741 99+% 475-1600 233-800 206-800 To help you better visualize the distribution of SAT scores, we've graphed out the SAT bell curve (in blue) for composite SAT scores (out of 1600) and added in lines for the mean and each of the standard deviations. The green line in the chart is the average SAT score (1060), while the lines on either side of the mean represent the boundaries of the different standard deviations. The two yellow vertical lines on the chart represent the first standard deviation scores, 865 and 1255. The scores of 68% of all students who took the SAT fall in between those two lines. The two orange lines on the chart represent the second standard deviation scores, 670 and 1450. The scores of 95% of all students who took the SAT fall in between the two orange lines (including the 68% who scored between an 865 and a 1255). The two red lines on the chart represent the third standard deviation scores, 475 and 1645. Technically, because the SAT only goes up to 1600, there are no students who scored above that, which is why the blue curve of all student SAT scores stops abruptly at 1600. The scores of about 99% of all students who took the SAT fall between the two red lines, with the remaining 1% falling below the leftmost red line (scores of 475 and below). Extra Advice: Want to get into the best college you can? Read our famous guide on how to get into Harvard, the Ivy League, and your top choice college. In this guide, you'll learn: What colleges are looking for in your application How to impress your top choice colleges Why you're probably wasting your time on activities that don't matter Even if you're not actually interested in Ivy League schools, you'll still learn something fundamental about how to apply to college. Read our top college admissions guide today. Why Does the SAT Standard Deviation Matter? As a student, the exact details of the SAT bell curve and standard deviation aren't going to be all that relevant. Most of the info you’d get from standard deviations you can just as easily get from the information about your percentile rank that's included on your score report. For instance, knowing you’re in the 98th percentile is probably more useful to you than knowing you’re a little more than two standard deviations above the mean SAT score. Learn How Much Scores Vary The size of the standard deviation can give you information about how widely students' scores varied from the average. A larger standard deviation means there was more variation of scores among people who took the test, while a smaller standard deviation means there was less variance. As we discussed above, the SAT standard deviation is 195, which is relatively high and therefore indicates there's a lot of variation in scores among students who take the SAT. Practically speaking, this means that high-achieving students have to get relatively high scores in order to distinguish themselves. To do better than 98% of students on the SAT with a mean of 1060 and a standard deviation of 195, you must get a 1450 or higher on the test. Discover How Your Score Stacks Up The standard deviation of SAT scores is also useful information because it gives you a good general idea about how well you performed, compared to other students. Based on which standard deviation you fall into, you can even figure out your rough percentile score (if you don't know it). If your SAT score is more than one standard deviation above the average SAT score, then you did better than about 84% of students, which puts you in a strong position for most state schools (including UMass Amherst, University of Cincinnati, and UT San Antonio) and some private schools (like Pace University, Temple University, and Quinnipiac University). Similarly, if your score is more than two standard deviations above the mean SAT score, then you did better than around 97% of students, which is great and makes you a strong candidate for more competitive schools like NYU, UMich (Ann Arbor), and even Ivy-League schools like UPenn and Brown. On the other hand, if your score is more than one standard deviation below the mean, you definitely have your work cut out for you if you want to be a competitive applicant for most schools. You’ll need to put in some serious study time to boost your score up to an 860+ score level. Bonus: Want to get a perfect SAT score? Read our famous guide on how to score a perfect 1600 on the SAT. You'll learn top strategies from the country's leading expert on the SAT, Allen Cheng, a Harvard grad and perfect scorer. No matter your level, you'll find useful advice here - this strategy guide has been read by over 500,000 people. Read the 1600 SAT guide today and start improving your score. What’s Next? Ready to get more precise information of how your SAT score compares to other students' scores? Check out our article on SAT scores and percentiles to figure out where you fit in. Are you a high-achieving student with high SAT score dreams? Learn what SAT scores you need to get into the Ivy League here. What if you're worried your score might be too low to get you into college at all? Find out what the minimum SAT score for college is here. Need to figure out what SAT score to aim for in the first place? We have a complete guide to setting your target SAT score in this article. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: